Ngữ pháp và bài tập về Câu tường thuật

REPORTED SPEECH
I. Các dạng câu tường thuật
 S + said (that) + S + V 
 S + told + O + that + S + V 
1. Reported statements. 
	- introducing verb (động từ giới thiệu): said /told
	- joining word ( từ nối ): that
 E.g: - Join said, “I work hard.” 	Join said that he worked hard.
 - The teacher said to the students, “I hope to see you during the holiday”.
 	The teacher told the students that he hoped to see them during the holiday. 
+ Lưu ý: Nếu động từ tường thuật (say ) ở thì hiện tại, thì động từ ở mệnh đề that không đổi.
	E.g: - John says, “ It’s raining.” John says that it’s raining.
2.Reported questions.
a. Reported Yes / No questions:
 S + asked + (O) / wondered.. + if / whether + S + V.. 
	* Động từ giới thiệu: asked / wondered / wanted to know / inquired ( whether ), không dùng 	said và told.
 + Từ nối : if / whether
 E.g: - John said to me, “Are you thirsty?” John asked me if I was hungry.
 - The old man said, “Are you a good student?” 
 The old man asked me if/whether I was a good student. 
 b. Reported Wh- questions: 
+ Động từ giới thiệu: asked 
 S + asked + (O) / wondered.. + Wh- / How + S + V 
 E.g: - I asked Tom, “Who do you sit next to in class.” 
 I asked Tom who he sat next to in class.
 - Tom asked the teacher, “What does the word mean?”
 Tom asked the teacher what the word meant.
 - The traveler asked the policeman, “Where can I find a taxi?”
 The traveler asked the policeman where he could find a taxi.
 - I asked her, “How old are you?”
	I asked her how old she was
3. Reported imparatives.
	Động từ giới thiệu: 	told / ordered ( dùng để ra lệnh )
 : asked ( yêu cầu lịch sự )
	Ngoài ra còn có những động từ tuần thuật khác như: advise, invite, want, allow, like, beg, 	promise, command, teach, help...
S + told / asked / ordered + O + (not) + to infinitive
E.g: 	- I said to John. “please send me my dictionary.” à I told John to send me my dictionary. 
 - Mary said, “Open the window please, John?” àMary asked John to open the window.
	- I said to him, “Go away!” à	I ordered him to go away.
 - The mother said to her children, “Don’t play with fire.”
àThe mother told her children not to play with fire.
4. Reported Speech with Infinitive, Gerund
a. With infinitive ( To – V):
Form: V + Obj + To-infinitive :
=> “ You should take the job, Thanh.” 	 	She encouraged Thanh to take the job.
* Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: advise (khuyên), ask (yêu cầu), instruct (hướng dẫn), expect(mong đợi), invite(mời), order(ra lệnh), persuade(thuyết phục), recomment(giới thiệu, đề nghị), remind(nhắc nhở), request(yêu cầu), tell(bảo ai), warn(cảnh báo). 	
Form: V + To-infinitive:	
	=> “ I’ll take you to town.” 	 	She offered to take me to town.
* Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: agree (đồng ý), demand (đòi hỏi, yêu cầu), hope (hy vọng), promise (hứa), threaten (de dọa), volunteer (xung phong)
b. With gerund (V- ing): 
Form: V + Obj + giới từ + V-ing:
=> “You are not telling the truth, you are a liar!” à	 They accused me of telling lies. 
* Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: suspect  of(nghi ngờ), congratulate  on(chúc mừng ), prevent  from(ngăn chặn ), thank  for(cảm ơn), warn  against(cảnh báo ), stop  from(ngăn chặn).
Form: V + giới từ + V-ing:
	=> “ I’ll buy you a cup of coffee. I insist.” à	 She insisted on buying me a cup of coffee.
* Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: dream of( ước mơ về), approve/disapprove of (ủng hộ; tán thành/không ủng hộ; không tán thành), apologise for(xin lỗi), look forward to(mong đợi), think of (nghĩ về).
Lưu ý: Suggest (đề nghị) / Deny (chối, phủ nhận) / Admit (thừa nhận, thú tội) + Ving
- “I dindn’t steal it.”	 	He denied stealing it.
- “ I stole it,” he answered 	 	He admitted stealing it.
- He said, “Let’s stop now and finish it later.” àHe suggested stopping then and finishing it later.
5. Conditional in reported speech:
TYPE
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
1
“If it rains, I will stay at home to read books,” said the boy.
- The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at home to read books. 
2
“If I were a millionaire, I could help poor children,” said the man.
- The man told me if he were a millionaire, 
he could help poor children. 
3
“If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t have been hungry,” said the man. 
- The man told me if I had had breakfast, 
I wouldn’t have been hungry. 
* Một số quy tắc khi tường thuật câu điều kiện :
- Không thay đổi thì của động từ đối với câu điều kiện loại II và III. 
Ex: - “If I had a car, I could take you around Viet nam,” he said.
=> He said that if he had a car he could take me around Viet nam.
- “If she had got a washing machine, she wouldn’t have washed her clothes by hands, ” they said.
=> They said that if If she had got a washing machine, she wouldn’t have washed her clothes by hands.
- Câu điều kiện loại I, động từ được lui về quá khứ một bậc như tường thuật lời phát biểu (statement)
Ex:- “If I have a car, I will take you around Viet Nam,” he said.
=> He said that If he had a car, he would take me around Viet Nam
- If clause + mệnh lệnh / yêu cầu/ đề nghị: Ta chuyển mệnh đề if về cuối câu, những thao tác khác thực hiện như tường thuật mệnh lệnh khẳng định.
Ex:- “If you have time, would you repair the roof,” he said.=> He asked me to repair the roof if I had time.
- If clause + Wh- question: Ta chuyển mệnh đề if về cuối câu, không có đảo ngữ giữa chủ từ và động từ
Ex: “If you were a police, what would you do?” he asked me.
=> He asked me what I would do if I were a police. 
II. Các thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp
1. Tense changes: 
a. Các trường hợp thay đổi thì: khi động từ tường thuật ( say, tell, ask ) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp phải lùi về quá khứ một thì so với câu trực tiếp 
Direct Speech
Indirect speech
Simple Present 
“I don’t known this man.”
Simple Past 
He said he didn’t known that man.
Present Continuous
“I’m working for a foreign company.”
Past Continuous
He said he was working for a foreign company.
Present perfect
“ I’ve read a good book.”
Past perfect
He said he had read a good book.
Present Perfect Continuous
“ I have been writing my report.”
Past Perfect Continuous
He said he had been writing his report.
Simple Past 
“ I finished my assignment.”
Past Perfect 
He said he had finished his assignment.
Simple Future
“I will do it later.”
Future in the past
He said he would do it later.
Modal verbs: Can, May, Must
“ I can work late today.”
“I may see her tonight.”
“I must/have to go now.”
Past forms of modals: Could, Might, had to
He said he could work late that day.
He said he might see her that night.
He said he had to go then.
b. Các trường hợp không đổi thì: 
- Khi động từ tường thuật ( say, tell, ask ) ở thì hiện tại, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi thì.
Ex. – He says, “I don’t known the answer to your question.”
 He says to me that he doesn’t known the answer to my question.
- Khi động từ tường thuật ( say, tell, ask ) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi trong các trường hợp sau:
	+ Tường thuật một điều phổ quát luôn luôn đúng
	Ex: 	My teacher said,” Russia is the biggest country in the world”
	My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world.
	+ Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp là các động từ khiếm khuyết: could, should, would, might, 	ought to, had to, used to.
	Ex:	He said, “ They might win the game.”à	He said to me that they might win the game.
	+ Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp ở các thì: Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect 	Continuous, nếu thì Simple Past đi kèm một thời gian cụ thể, thì có thể không đổi.
	Ex: He said, “ The Asian tsunnami happened in 2004.”
	àHe said to me the Asian tsunnami had happened / happened in 2004.
	+ Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn (wish), các câu điều kiện loại 2, loại 3 và cấu trúc
	 “ It’s 	(high) time”	
	Ex: He said, “ It’s time we went” 
	à He said it was time they went.
2. Adverb changes: thay đổi về trạng từ:
Direct Speech
Indirect speech
this/these
that/those
Here, there
there
now
then/at that time
today
that day 
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
yesterday
the day before / the previous day
last night
the night before / the previous night
next month
The month after/ the following month
ago
before
next
after
tonight
that night
The day after tomorrow
in two days’ time/two days later.
	Ex. 	– He said, “I’ll call you, tomorrow.” 
	à He said (that) he would call me the next day.
 	 - He says,”I am going to Hanoi next week”.
 	àHe says he is going to Hanoi the week after.
3. Pronoun changes: thay đổi đại từ
- Trong mệnh đề phụ, đại từ và tính từ sở hữu ở ngôi thứ nhất hoặc ngôi thứ hai được chuyển để phù hợp với chủ từ của mệnh đề chính. 
- Nếu đại từ và tính từ sở hữu ở ngôi thứ ba thì ta giữ nguyên. 
- Nếu chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính ở ngôi thứ ba thì đại từ và tính từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chuyển theo bảng sau:
Direct Speech
Indirect speech
* Pronouns
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
Subject pronouns
I
We
You
You
He / she
They
Object pronouns
Me
Us
You
You
Him / her
Them
Reflexive pronouns
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself
Yourselves
Himself / herself
Themselves 
* Possesive adjectives
My
Your
your
His / her
Their
* Possessive pronouns
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours ( pl.)
His / hers
Theirs
E.g: -He said, “I will bring my book.”
 He said that he would bring his book.
 -Jane said, “I’m sleep.”
 Jane said that she was sleep.
 - The teacher told Mary, “you don’t write your corrections.”
 The teacher told Mary that she didn’t write her corrections.
 - I told them, “you are very kind.”
 I told them that they were very kind.
REPORTED SPEECH
* Choose the best answer:
1. The boy ___________ breaking the window of the woman’s house .
	A. said 	B. denied	C. told	D. reminded
2. Tom apologized for __________ me earlier.
 	A. not ringing 	B. not to ring 	C. not ring 	D. to not ring
3. Miss White thanked Peter __________ her the present.
 	A. for giving 	B. to give 	C. giving 	D. on giving
4. Mary told me she __________ to several interviews before she took that one.
 	A. had been 	B. was 	C. has been 	D. would have been
5. I advised her __________ anything about it to her friends.
 	A. not say 	B. saying 	C. not saying 	D. not to say
6. She said to me that she __________ to me the Sunday before.
	A. wrote	B. has written	C. was writing	D. had written
7. I _________ him to sell that old motorbike.
	A. said to	B. suggested	C. advised	D. recommended
8. My parents reminded me __________ the flowers.
	A. remember to plant	B. plant 	C. to plant	D. planting
9. Nam wanted to know what time ________.
	A. does the movie begin	B. did the movie begin	
C. the movie begins	D. the movie began
10. Peter said that if he __________ rich, he _________ a lot.
	A. is – will travel	B. were- would travel	
	C. had been – would have travelled	D. was – will travel
11. His sister apologized ___________ rude to him.
 	A. being 	B. for being 	C. to be 	D. to being
12. The thief admitted __________ Mr. Brown’s car.
	A. to steal	B. stealing	C. steal	D. stole
13. He asked the children _________ too much noise.
	A. not to make	B. not making	C. don’t make	D. if they don’t make
14. The teacher said Columbus _________America in 1942.
	A. discovered	B. had discovered	C. was discovering	D. would discover
15. John said he _________ her since they ________ school.
	A. hasn’t met – left	B. hadn’t met - had left	C. hadn’t met left	D. didn’t meet – has left
16. The host asked Peter __________ tea or coffee.
	A. whether he preferred	B. that he preferred	C. did he prefer 	D. if he prefers
17. She asked me __________ my holidays __________.
	A. where I spent / the previous year 	B. where I had spent/ the previous year	
	C. where I spent / last year 	D. where did I spend / last year
18. John reminded me _________ his motorbike by 8 o’clock.
	A. please return 	B. not forget to return	C. to return	D. remember to return
19. He __________ on seeing the manager of the hotel.
	A. asked 	B. convinced	C. insisted	D. expected
20. Bob __________ having stolen Mary’s pocket calculator.
	A. admitted 	B. agreed	C. dreamed	D. accepted
21. Laura said that when she_________ to school, she saw an accident.
	A. was walking	B. has walked	C. had been walking	D. has been walking
22. He asked, “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why __________ the final exam.
	A. she took	B. did she take	C. she hadn’t taken	D. she had taken 
23. Ba said he __________ some good marks the semester before.
 	A. gets 	B. got	C. had gotten 	D. have got
24. They told their parents that they___________ their best to do the test.
 	A. try 	B. will try 	C. are trying 	D. would try
25. She asked me where I___________ from.
 	A. come 	B. coming 	C. to come	D. came
26. She_________ me whether I liked classical music or not.
 	A. ask 	B. asks 	C. asked	D. asking
27. He asked me who____________ the editor of that book. 
 	A. was	B. were 	C. is 	D. has been
28. Thu said she had been___________ the day before.
 	A. here 	B. there	C. in this place 	D. where
29. He wanted to know _______ shopping during the previous morning.
	A. if we had been going 	B. that if we had been going	C. we were going 	D. that we were going
30. He asked me _______ Robert and I said I did not know __________.
	A. that did I know / who were he	B. that I knew / who he had been
	C. if I knew/ who he was	D. whether I knew / who had he been
31. The mother asked her son __________.
	A. where he had been 	B. whether I had been	C. where has he been 	D. where had he been
32. We warmed him against __________ to the capital by train.
	A. to travel 	B. travel 	C. traveling	D. traveled
33. The rain prevented us _________ climbing to the top of the mountain.
	A. for	B. from	C. at	D. on
34. She said that if it __________ the next day, she _________ to see us.
	A. doesn’t rain / will come	B. didn’t rain / would come
	C. hadn’t rained / would have come	D. wouldn’t rain / could come
35. John __________ to return my book the next Friday.
	A. suggested	B. promised	C. proposed 	D. reminded 
36. He advised _________ too far.
	A. her did not go 	B. her do not go 	C. her not to go	D. she did not go
37. Nancy asked me why I had not gone to New York the summer _______.
	A. before	B. ago 	C. last	D. previous
38. He asked _______ him some money.
	A. her to lend 	B. she to lend 	C. she has lent 	D. she lends
39. Andrew told me that they _______ fish two _______ days.
	A. have not eaten / ago 	B. had eaten/ previous	C. did not eat / before 	D. would not eat / last
40. Jason told me that he _______ his best in the exam the _______ day.
	A. had done / following 	B. will do / previous	C. would do/ following	D. was going / previous
41. The mother told her son _______ so impolitely.
	A. not behave 	B. not to behave	C. not behaving 	D. did not behave
42. They congratulated me __________ the exams with high marks.
	A. passed	B. having passed	C. to pass	D. on passing
43. Laura said she had worked on the assignment since _______.
	A. yesterday 	B. two days ago 	C. the day before	D. the next day
44. John asked me _______ interested in any kind of sports.
	A. if I were 	B. if were I 	C. if was I 	D. if I was
45. The guest told the host that _______. 
	A. I must go now 	B. he must go now 	C. he had to go now 	D. he had to go then
46. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said Granny to Helen.
A. Granny told Helen not forget to clean her teeth.	 	
B. Granny remind Helen to clean her teeth.
C. Granny told Helen to not forget to clean her teeth. 	
D. Granny said Helen not to forget to clean her teerh.
47. “Please bring me some fish soup,” he said to the waitress.
A. He asked the waitress bring him some fish soup. 
B. He asked the waitress to bring her some fish soup.
C. He asked the waitress to bring him some fish soup. 
D. He asked the waitress bring her some fish soup.
48. “This man spoke to me on the road,” said the woman.
	A. The woman said that man had spoken to me on the road.
 	B. The woman said that man has spoken to her on the road.
	C. The woman said that man spoke to her on the road. 
	D. The woman said that man had spoken to her on the road.
49. I said to Nick: “Where are you going?”
	A. I asked Nick where was he going. B. I asked Nick where he was going.
	C. I asked Nick where is he going. D. I asked Nick where he is going.
50. “I’ll wait for you if you like,” she said.
A. She offered to wait for me. 	B. She said she’d wait for me if I liked.
C. She suggested she waited for me. 	D. A&B are correct.