Chuyên đề The passive voice

 THE PASSIVE VOICE
* Thể chủ động (active voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò chủ động.
- Mr. Brown wrote the report yesterday.
- He has already finished his homework.
* Thể thụ động (passive voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò bị động.
- That house was built 100 years ago.
- Those windows are painted blue.
à Passive sentence : S + be + past participle
1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :
* Active :	Tom	broke	the chair 	 yesterday.
	S	V	O
* Passive :	The chair	was broken	by	Tom	yesterday.
	S	be + P.P	by	doer
2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi một câu từ active sang passive :
	* Lấy túc từ (O) trong câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) trong câu thụ động.
	* Nhận xét xem động từ chia trong câu chủ động ở thì nào, ta chia TO BE ở thì đó rồi viết động từ chính ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (p.p).
* Lấy chủ từ (S) trong câu chủ động xuống làm doer trong câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY ngay đằng trước.* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi và thường đặt cuối câu (nếu là trạng từ chỉ thời gian).
3/ Một vài ví dụ khác :
+ (a) simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ]
- Mr.Green teaches history.
à History is taught by Mr.Green. 
+ (b) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ]
- He has just done his homework.
	à His homework has just been done by him. 
+ (c) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p]
- She is cleaning the windows.
à The windows are being cleaned by her. 
+ (d) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p]
- The boss sacked ten workers.
à Ten workers were sacked by the boss. 
+ (e) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p]
- Mary had written the letter.
à The letter had been written by Mary. 
+ (f) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.p]
- The police were questioning Tom.
à Tom was being questioned by the police. 
+ (g) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.p]
- John will deliver the letter.
à The letter will be delivered by John. 
+ (h) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may  + be + p.p]
- He must do it right now.
à It must be done by him right now. 
+ (i) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]
- The engineers are going to build the bridge.
à The bridge is going to be built by the engineers.
( còn áp dụng với các cấu trúc khác như : have to, had to, used to, ought to )
+ (j) 2 objects :
- They gave me a present yesterday.
à I was given a present yesterday(by them).
à A present was given to me yesterday(by them).
	(Nếu sau BY là them / people / someone / somebodyta có thể bỏ đi)
+ (k) perception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be – p.p + to inf ]
- I never hear him shout at his children.
à He is never heard to shout at his children.
+ (l) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be – p.p + V-ing ]
- I saw the boy coming into the room.
à The boy was seen coming into the room.
+ (m) With ‘make’ : [ S + be – made + to inf ]
- They made me do it.
à I was made to do it.
+ (n) With ‘let’ : [ S + be – let + bare inf ]
- They let him do it.
à He was let do it.
+ (o) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ]
- They began to build the house in 1980.
à The house began to be built in 1980.
+ (p) With “say, report, rumour’:
- People say that prevention is better than cure.
à It is said that prevention is better than cure.
à Prevention is said to be better than cure. 
(cách đổi này được áp dụng cho các động từ như: SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR)
+ (q) câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be – p.p ]
- Open the door, please.
à Let the door be opened, please.
EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense and voice.
1/ Everyone (shock)  was shocked  by the news yesterday.
2/ Almost everyone (enjoy) enjoyed  the lecture last night.
3/ English (speak) _________ all over the world.
4/ A terrible accident (happen) _________ right here at 6 o’clock last night.
5/ Mr. Smith (teach) _________ at this university since 1985.
6/ Not much (say) _________ about the matter since last week.
7/ He (borrow) _________ the money from her two weeks ago.
8/ A new textbook (publish) _________ by that company next year.9/ Everything (go) _________ well so far. There (be) _________ no trouble yet.10/ Who the book (write) _________ by ?
11/ Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) _________ his name.
12/ The report (examine) _________ now.
EXERCISE II : Turn into the passive voice.
1/ He is running his own restaurant.- ______________________________________________________
	2/ The secretary opens the mails every morning.
- ______________________________________________________
	3/ The teacher doesn’t allow me to take the seat by the window.
- ______________________________________________________
	4/ Tom’s absence worried his mother.
- ______________________________________________________
	5/ They are building a new school in this town.
- ______________________________________________________
	6/ You should finish the report right now.
- ______________________________________________________
	7/ We shall discuss the matter in the afternoon.
- ______________________________________________________
	8/ Are you going to post this letter ?
- ______________________________________________________
	9/ He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
- ______________________________________________________
	10/ No one has opened that box for the past hundred years.
- ______________________________________________________
	11/ The boy screamed while the dentist was pulling out one of his teeth.
- ______________________________________________________
	12/ The enemy used to attack the bay.
- ______________________________________________________
	13/ The fire has destroyed many houses.
- ______________________________________________________
	14/ The children are carrying the chairs into the house.
- ______________________________________________________
	15/ They awarded him the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1946.
- ______________________________________________________
	16/ We saw him leave the office at 6 o’clock this morning.
- ______________________________________________________
	17/ My parents didn’t let me go to school this morning because I was ill.
- ______________________________________________________
	18/ You ought to water these plants once a week.
- ______________________________________________________
	19/ People saw her driving a car near the bridge.
- ______________________________________________________
	20/ They said that he was the richest man in the town.
- ______________________________________________________
	21/ Scientists began to carry out researches on AIDS in 1981.
- ______________________________________________________
	22/ The boy knew that they were praising him.
- ______________________________________________________
	23/ Everybody believed that he had died of lung cancer.
- ______________________________________________________
	24/ They hadn’t built the bridge when we first came here.
- ______________________________________________________
	25/ I can assure you that I will arrange everything in time.
- ______________________________________________________
EXERCISE III : Change to the active voice.
	1/ Progress in science is being made day after day.
- ______________________________________________________
	2/ The palace was designed by a French architect.
- ______________________________________________________
	3/ The road in front of my house has been paved.
- ______________________________________________________
	4/ You can see that the dishes haven’t been washed.
- ______________________________________________________
	5/ Our salaries will not be increased this year.
- ______________________________________________________
	6/ Wasn’t that theatre built two years ago ?
- ______________________________________________________
	7/ The problem may be discussed again.
- ______________________________________________________
	8/ My brother has been offered a well-paid job.
- ______________________________________________________
	9/ It is reported that the war started again in South America.
- ______________________________________________________
	10/ I was told that I was going to be appointed manager of this company.
- ______________________________________________________
EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences.
	1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time.
- ______________________________________________________
	2/ Did anyone ask any questions about me ?
- ______________________________________________________
	3/ Henry wrote that book years ago, didn’t he ?
- _____________________________________________________
	4/ I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests.
- ______________________________________________________
	5/ What sort of research are they doing in the laborotary ?
- ______________________________________________________
	6/ You should place matches out of reach of children.
- ______________________________________________________
	7/ People say that inflation is getting out of control.
- ______________________________________________________
	8/ We’ll have finished all the work by the weekend.
- ______________________________________________________
	9/ I heard her singing very beautifully.
- ______________________________________________________
	10/ Scientists started discovering the universe thousands of years ago.
- ______________________________________________________
	11/ Nothing can be gained without effort.
- ______________________________________________________
	12/ The robbers forced the bank manager to hand over the money.
- ______________________________________________________
	13/ They let us go.
- ______________________________________________________
	14/ The police stopped Tom on the highway and made him show his I.D card.
- ______________________________________________________
	15/ Write your address on the back of the cheque.
- ______________________________________________________
	16/ Where did your child find the keys ?
- ______________________________________________________
	17/ Some people think he is a dangerous criminal.
- ______________________________________________________
	18/ They will have to sign these documents.
- ______________________________________________________
	19/ The workers are going to pull down that old building.
- ______________________________________________________
	20/ No one told me the truth.
- ______________________________________________________
EXERCISE V : More exercises on Passive voice.
1. Yes - No questions :
a. Do they teach English here ?
- ___________________________________________________
b. Will you invite her to your wedding party ?
- ___________________________________________________
c. Did the teacher give some exercises ?
- ___________________________________________________
d. Is she going to write poem ?
- ___________________________________________________
e. Have they changed the window of the laboratory ?
- ___________________________________________________
f. Is she making big cakes for the party ?
- ___________________________________________________
g. Has Tom finished the work ?
- ___________________________________________________
h. Are the police making inquires about the thief.
- ___________________________________________________
i. Must we finish the test before ten ?
- ___________________________________________________
j. Will buses bring the children home ?
- ___________________________________________________
2. Wh - questions :
a. Why didn’t they help him ?
- ___________________________________________________
b. How many games has the team played ?
- ___________________________________________________
c. Where do people speak English ?
- ___________________________________________________
d. Who are they keeping in the kitchen ?
- ___________________________________________________
e. How can they open this safe ?
- ___________________________________________________
f. What books are people reading this year ?
- ___________________________________________________
g. How did the police find the lost man ?
- ___________________________________________________
h. Who looked after the children for you ?
- ___________________________________________________
i. How long have they waited for the doctor ?
- ___________________________________________________
j. What time can the boys hand in their papers ?
- ___________________________________________________
3. Sentences with two Objects :
a. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.
- ___________________________________________________
b. Someone will tell him that news.
- ___________________________________________________
c. They had sent enough money to these poor boys.
- ___________________________________________________
d. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
- ___________________________________________________
e. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.
- ___________________________________________________
4. Sentences with verb of reporting :
a. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
- ___________________________________________________
b. They rumoured that man was still living.
- ___________________________________________________
c. They declared that she won the competition.
- ___________________________________________________
d. They know that English is an international language.
- ___________________________________________________
e. People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure.
- ___________________________________________________
f. They say that John is the brightest student in class.
- ___________________________________________________
g. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.
- ___________________________________________________
h. They think that he has died a natural death.
- ___________________________________________________
i. They reported that the troops were coming.
- ___________________________________________________
j. People believed that the earth stood still.
- ___________________________________________________
5. Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” :
a. We’ll continue to use this computer.
- ___________________________________________________
b. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations.
- ___________________________________________________
c. People can continue to enjoy natural resources.
- ___________________________________________________
d. People will continue to drink Coca - Cola in the 21st century.
- ___________________________________________________
e. American people begin to love football.
- ___________________________________________________
6. Sentences with Phrasal verbs :
a. They gave up the research after three hours.
- ___________________________________________________
b. Someone should look into the matter.
- ___________________________________________________
c. Don’t speak until someone speaks to you.
- ___________________________________________________
d. A neighbour is looking after the children.
- ___________________________________________________
e. Your story brings back pleasant memories.
- ___________________________________________________
7. Sentences with verbs of Perception :
a. I have heard her sing this song several times.
- ___________________________________________________
b. People saw him steal your car.
- ___________________________________________________
c. The teacher is watching them work.
- ___________________________________________________
d. He won’t let you do that silly thing again.
- ___________________________________________________
e. People don’t make the children work hard.
- ___________________________________________________
f. They made him work all day.
- ___________________________________________________
g. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag.
- ___________________________________________________
h. The terrorists made the hostages lie down.
- ___________________________________________________
i. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route.
- ___________________________________________________
j. She helps me to do all these difficult exercises.
- ___________________________________________________
8. Sentences of order :
a. Open your book.
- ___________________________________________________
b. Take off your hat.
- ___________________________________________________
c. Don’t do that silly thing again.
- ___________________________________________________
d. Let’s tell them about it.
- ___________________________________________________
e. Don’t let the other see you.
- ___________________________________________________
9. Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide,...” :
a. She advised me to sell that house.
- ___________________________________________________
b. They begged us to help them.
- ___________________________________________________
c. He orders us to clean the floor.
- ___________________________________________________
d. He recommends me to do the job.
- ___________________________________________________
e. She urges him to visit her parents as soon as possible.
- ___________________________________________________
10. Some special sentences :
a. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut.
- ___________________________________________________
b. You need to have your hair cut.
- ___________________________________________________
c. Smoke filled the room.
- ___________________________________________________
d. You must see it to believe it.
- ___________________________________________________
e. He wants someone to take some photographs.
- ___________________________________________________
f. He likes people to call him “Sir”.
- ___________________________________________________
g. It’s your duty to do this work.
- ___________________________________________________
h. We enjoy writing letters.
- ___________________________________________________
i. Nobody has slept in this room for long time.
- ___________________________________________________
j. You ordered me about and I was tired of it.
- ___________________________________________________