Từ vựng và ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh 11

D.P:	Period:1
D.T:
Unit 1: FRIENDSHIP
I.Objectives
By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to use all the grammatical items in Unit 1 correctly
Ta dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có "to" trong các trường hợp sau:
1. Sau các tính từ:
Ex: It's nice to see you again.
I am too pour to buy a house
He is not old enough to see that film.
2. Sau các indefinite pronoun:
Ex: I have nothing to do now.
I can't find a place to live.
3. Sau các động từ:
- afford - agree - appear - arrange - ask- choose- decide- fail- happen- help- hope-learn- manage
- offer- plan- pretend- promise- refused- tend- threaten- want- wish
* Note: 
- would like/love/ prefer + to - infinitive
- like/love/hate/dislike + to - infinitive
- like/love/hate/dislike + V - ing (hobbies, interesting).
4. Verb + O + to - infi:
- advise- allow- ask- beg- cause- enable- encourage- expect- invite- order- persuade- remind- tell
- want- warn.
5. To - infi diến tả một mục đích. (= in order to = so as to)
6. To - infi as a Subject:
Ex: Tolove and to be loved is the happiest in the world.
7. To - infi as a complement:
Ex: My dream is to become a docter.
II. Infinitive without "to":
Ta dùng động từ nguyên mẫu không "to" trong các trường hợp sau đây:
1. Sau các modal Verb:
- Can, could, may, might, should...
- Need, dare 
2. Sau had better, would rather:
3. Make, let s.o + bare
4. Verbs of perception:
- Hear/see/watch/notice/feel + O + bare: diễn tả hành động đã kết thúc hoặc toàn bộ hành động.
- Hear/see/watch/notice/feel + O + V-ing: diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra hoặc 1 phần của hành động
Ex: I saw him climb throung the window yesterday.
I see smoke flying from the chimney.
5. Have to do something. 
6. Trong các cấu trúc nhấn mạnh:
Ex: I do believe you.
Unit 2: PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
Grammar: 
- Present simple indicating past time
- Tense revision: past simple, past progressive and past perfect
I. PRESENT SIMPLE: 
1. Form: 
S+ V(s/es)/ be
Ex : want-- wants ; give--- gives ; be--- am; is ; are
* Verbs ending in : -sh;-ch;-o;-ss;-x then we add "es" ( washes ; washes...)
* Verbs ending in : -y so we change "y" to "i" then add " es" ( studies ...)
2. Adverbs of frequency:
* Never, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often, usually, always, normally, occasionally ...
* From time to time, constantly, now and then, frequently, every (...) once, twice, three times a day ...
3. Uses :
a/ Things are always true :
Ex : Haiduong is not as big as Hanoi
b/ Habits or repeated actions at present :
Ex : I often go to school at 7 
c/ Timetable /Schedule :
Ex: The film starts at 8 pm
d/ Likes- interests-belief-hopes..:
* Love , like, hate,dislike ,enjoy, prefer, detest,fancy....
*Thinks ,wonder,consider,suppose, doubt....
* Want ,need, wish, hope, believe,expect,know, understand,....
e/Verbs of perception:
Hear, see,smell,look, notice, seem,, sound...
f/ State verbs :
Contain, consist, feel, last, depend, matter, belong,fit,suit,weigh, own, mean, seem, appear...
g/Headings/headlines:
Ex:100 people are killed.
h/ Plot of a film, play,book ...:
Ex:The films tells about a naughty boy who is hated by step mother .
i/If-When clause :
Ex: If it rains, i will stay at home.
II. TENSE REVISION:
* Past simple:
1. Form:
S+ V(ed)
2. Adverbs of time:
Yesterday , last year , last night, in 1998, in 18th century ....
3. Uses:
a. An completed action in the past 
Ex: I met him yesterday
b. When the time is asked exactly :
Ex: When did you do your housework?
c. An action happened at a definitely period of time even the time isn't mentioned 
Ex: She opened the door ,changed her clothes and started doing the housework.
d. Sometime the time is definited as a result of a question and an answer at the present perfect tense
e. A habit in the past ( used to , would V)
S+adverb of frequency+ V(ed)
f. A series of past actions
g. An action suddenly happened while another action was happening in the past
Ex: I was sleeping when he phoned
h. In second-type condition and unreal past tenses ( I'd rather , I'd sooner...)
Ex: If I was a billionaire, I would give each of you $10000
Past progressive:
1. Form :
S+ was/were + V-ing
2. Adverbs of time 
* At 7 a.m yesterday, at this time last week / last month
* At the end of last year / last month
* From ... to ....
* Between ... and 
3. Uses:
a. An action was happening at a definite time in the pastEx : 
I was learning English between 8p.m and 10 p.m yesterday
b. An action was happening in the past and interrupted by another action or two actions were happening at the same time
As/when + past simple , S+V ( past continuous 
While S+ V( past continuous) S+ V ( past continuous)
Ex: My brother was playing football when my mother came
While my mother was cooking my father was reading newspapers 
c. An intension in the past = were going to V
Ex: When I came , he was packing his clothes 
d. Criticize a bad habit in the past ( + always )Ex: When at school , Tom always losing things
e. To retell a story or describe a picture
Ex: It was getting darker , a woodfire was burning on the hearth and a cat was sleeping
* Past perfect
1. Form: 
had + P.P
2. Use:
a. Nói về một sự việc xảy ra trước 1 thời điểm cụ thể ở quá khứ.
Ex: By 2000 I had graduated from University.
b. Sử dụng cùng với quá khứ đơn để diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trước và hành động xảy ra sau. (Hành động dùng quá khứ hoàn thành xảy ra trước hành động ở quá khứ đơn 
Ex: I had had dinner before I go to bed.
c. Nói về những hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ.
Ex: My brother had travelled to many countries before he set up his business.
d. Sử dụng với "by":
Ex: By the time I got home, my sister had cooked lunch.
e. Khi mối quan hệ về time giữa 2 hành động trong quá khứ rõ ràng (như trong cách dùng với "before, after, as soon as) thì có thể dùng thì QKD cho cả hai động từ.
Ex: After she (had) appeared in the film, she got a part in another movie.
f. Lưu ý sự khác nhau giữa các câu sau đây khi thì QKHT dc. dùng với "when" 
Ex: When the show ended, I left
(= As soon as the show ended, I left)
When the show ended, I had left
(= By the time the show ended, I had left)
g. Dùng với "already, yet, ever, never" để nhấn mạnh hành động xảy ra trước.
Ex: Ann did not go to London with her sister. She had already gone there.
Unit 3: A PARTY
- Gerund and inf:
- Passive gerund & passive inf
I. Gerund & inf:
1. Gerund làm chủ ngữ:
Eg: Learning E is interesting.
Cách dùng này tương đương với cấu trúc: It is + adj + to – inf
Eg: Learning E is interesting = It is interesting to learn E.
2. Gerund đứng sau giới từ:
* Adj + giới từ + gerund:
- Nervous / worry + about
- Good/ bad / clever / skilled /  + at
- Sorry / responsible + for
- Be keen + on
- Fond +of
* V + prep + gerund:
- look forward to
- succec to
- think of / about
- dream of / about
- insit on
- surprised at
- Interested in
- Busy with
* V + O + prep + gerund:
- Prevent s.o from 
- Thank s.o for
- Spend money/time on 
- Accuse s.o of (buộc tội)
* N + prep + gerund:
- Have difficulty in: sự khó khăn
- There is no point in: k đáng/ chẳng đáng
3. Gerund as a O:
- Admit
- Appreciate
- Avoid
- Consider
- Delay
- Deny
- Enjoy
- Excuse
- Fancyl
- Finish
- Imagine
- Mind
- Miss
- Postpone
- Pratise
- Resist
- Risk
- Suggest
4. V + to – inf/gerund:k thay đổi nghĩa
- Start
- Begin
- Consider
- Continue
- Intend
5. V + to – inf/gerund: thay đổi nghĩa
- Try: 
· + to – inf: cố gắng
· + gerund: thử
- Stop:
· + to – inf: ngừng việc này để làm việc khác
· + gerund: kết thúc (thôi làm gì)
- Forget/remember:
· + to – inf: quên/nhớ trước 1 hành động khác
· + gerund: quên nhớ sau 1 hành động khác
Eg: I remember seeing that film 
You remember to post the letter for me
- Regret
· + to – inf: lấy làm tiếc sắp làm điều gì 
· + gerund: ân hận một điều gì đã (không) làm.
Eg: I regret to say that you r not accepted for the job.
I regret buying the secondhand car.
II. Passive inf & passive gerund:
1. Passive inf:
a. Form: 
to be + past participle
b. Use:
* Dùng sau một số động từ để chỉ sự bị động của chủ từ:
Eg: We hope to be consider again.
* Để đưa ra lí do:
Eg: He works hard not to be blamed.
* Sau các tính từ:
Eg: She is glad to be invited to the party
* Dùng sau danh từ:
Eg: It’s time to be separated.
2. Passive gerund:
a. Form:
Being + P.P
b. Use:
Gerund ở thể bị động có các cách dùng giống như cách dùng của gerund ở thể chủ động, nhưng mang nghĩa bị động.
* Làm chủ ngữ:
Eg: Being treated unfairly made her decide to quit the job.
* Làm tân ngữ sau 1 số động từ như: like, hate, mind 
Eg: I don’t like being laughed at.
* Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ:
Eg: She is afraid of beaten.
Compare:
ACTIVE GERUND 
1. Instead of selecting a applicants, he went out for a coffee
2. The teacher is keen on including the new students in the school activities.
3. Kate enjoys phoning Jane
PASSIVE GERUND
1. Instead of being selected a applicants, he went out for a coffee
2. The teacher is keen on being included the new students in the school activities.
3. Kate enjoys being phoned Jane
UNIT 4 : VOLUNTEER WORK
Ngữ pháp :
1. Gerund and present participle
2. Perfect gerund and perfect participle
GERUNDS 
A gerund = the -ing form of a verb
-“The gerund” được sử dụng như một tân ngữ của động từ .Là một tân ngữ trực tiếp, nó được sử dụng sau các động từ như:
VERB + GERUND
-enjoy
-appreciate
-mind
-quit (give up)
-finish (get through)
-stop
-avoid
-postpone (put off)
-delay
-keep (keep on)
-consider (think about)
-discuss (talk about)
-mention
-suggest
GO + GERUND
(a) Did you go shopping?
(b) We went fishing yesterday.
---> Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for the most part, recreational activities
GO + GERUND
go birdwatching
go boating
go bowling
go camping
go canoeing
go dancing
go fishing
go hiking
go hunting
go jogging
go mountain climbing
go running
go sailing
go shopping
go sightseeing
go shaking
go skiing
go sledding
go swimming
go tobogganing
go window shopping 
-“ The gerund” được sử dụng sau một “động từ + giới từ” như:
- Approve
- apologize for
- believe in
-count on
- care for
-Complain of
- confess to 
- consist of 
- depend on
- dream of
- give up
- lead to
- put off-.
EG: John gave us smoking because of his doctor’s advice
I am not looking forward to meeting him.
-“ the gerund” được sử dụng dau một “tính từ + giới từ” như:
Absorbed in, accustomed to, afraid of, amused at , angry with, angry at, ashamed of, aware of, (in) capable of, careful(about)in, excited about, keen on , nice about, different from, embarrassed at, slow in, sorry for, tired of(from).
EG: Alice is fond of dancing
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekend
-“ The gerund” được sử dụng sau một số thành ngữ sau:
Can’t b ear, can’t face, can’t stand, can’t help.
EG: He couldn’t help asking me: “ Isn’t anything else you can do for her?”
I didn’t feel lile talking to him after what had happened.
-“ the gerund” được sử dụng như một tân ngữ trực tiếp của một tính từ trong những câu với chủ ngữ giả “ It”
EG: It’s no use reading this kind of book.
-“ the gerund” được sử dụng sau một số tính từ khác như:
Amusing , comfortable, difficult, easy, great, hopeless, lovely, nice, off, pleasant, 
-“ the gerund” đuợc sử dụng sau” danh từ + giới từ” như:
Choice of, excuse for, possibility of, intention of, reason for,
-“ The gerund” được sử dụng sau một số động từ sau: call, catch. Discover,feel,find,hear,get,imagine,get,kp,leave,n otice, see,send,set, stop,.
EG: I felt him looking at me now and again.
Ellen had notice me talking with the landlady.
-“The gerund” được sử dụng như một ngữ trạng từ , đi sau các liên từ như: while, when, if,
EG: He continued to speak while walking down the path..
Participles
There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle. You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from that, participles are also used to shorten sentences.
Present Participle
The present participle is the ing-form. You surely know this form:
* from progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.
* as an adjective form – The film is interesting.
* as a gerund – He is afraid of flying.
Not the exceptions in spelling when adding 'ing':
Exception Example
final e dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming (but: agree - agreeing)
final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit – sitting
final consonant l after vowel is always doubled (in British English) travel – travelling
Final ie becomes y lie – lying
The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs:
come, go, sit
Example: The girl sat crying on the sofa.
The present participle can also be used after verbs of the senses if we do not want to emphasise that the action was completed. (see Infinitive or Ing-Form)
feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch
Example: Did you see him dancing?
Furthermore, the present participle can be used to shorten or combine active clauses that have the same subject.
Example: She left the house and whistled. – She left the house whistling.
Past Participle
The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form:
* from perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.
* from passive voice – The letter was written.
* as an adjective form – I was bored to death.
For irregular participle forms see third column of irregular verbs. Regular verbs form the past participle by adding ed, however, note the following exceptions in spelling:
Exceptions when adding ed Example
after a final e, only add d love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled admit – admitted
travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried
The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject.
Example: The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
Perfect Participle
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if 
*  one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts.
Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
*  one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.
Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
* active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)
* passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)
II. PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE: 
- Cách dùng tương tự Present Participle & gerund nhưng về mặt ý nghĩa, nó diễn tả hoặc nhấn mạnh sự hoàn thành của 1 hành động
Eg1: Finishing my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ
Having finished my homework, ... : Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập ...
* Câu thứ hai nhấn mạnh việc đi ngủ chỉ xảy ra sau khi đã làm xong bài tập.
Eg2: I approve of helping the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc giúp đỡ người nghèo
I approve of having helped the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc các bạn đã giúp đỡ người nghèo
* Câu thứ hai diễn tả ý giúp đỡ người nghèo này đã xảy ra rồi.
- Perfect gerund:
Eg: I had had dinner and then I went out for a walk last night.
~~> Having had dinner, I ...
* Use: Rút gọn & diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác/
- Perfect participle:
Eg: The denied having been there.
PREP/ VERB + HAVING V3
* Use: diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước hoặc ko xảy ra trước. 
Unit 5:
ILLITERACY
grammar: 
Reported speech with infinitive(s): (Câu tường thuật với động từ nguyên mẫu)
Với loại câu này có kiểu câu chính là:
1. Reported requests and orders (Tường thuật yêu cầu và mệnh lệnh):
Với loại tường thuật này ta có thể sử dụng mẫu tường thuật: 
to tell/ask someone to do something
- My teacher told me to listen to her
- She asked me to shut the door
Dạng phủ định: to tell/ask someone not to do something
- My teacher asked me not to talk in the class.
2. Reported offers and suggestions (Tường thuật lời đề nghị giúp đỡ và sự đề nghị).
Trong loại câu này chúng ta thường sử dụng các động từ: offer, promise, refuse, agree, threaten, hope, wish,. Với công thức như sau: S +reported verb+ to –inf 
- She promised to do her homework.
Chúng ta cũng có thể sử dụng các động từ như: remind, warn, advise, invite, allow, .. với công thức sau:
S +reported verb+ object + to-inf
- My Mom reminded me to go to school early.
Unit 7 : World population
1.Real conditional sentences (câu điều kiện có thật)
a-Future possible (có thể xảy ra ở tương lai)
If + S + V(simple present) + S + will/can/may/must + V(in simple form)
EX : If I have the money, I will be a new car.
b-Habitual (thói quen)
If + S + V (simple present) + S + V(simple present)
Ex: Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time .
c-Command (câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu)
If + S + V(simple present) + Command form
Ex : Please call me if you hear from Bill.
2 . Present unreal conditional sentences (câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại)
If + S + V (simple present) + S + Would/could/might + V (in simple form)
(Trong mệnh đề phụ nều có to be --> were)
Ex : If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
3.Past unreal conditional sentences (câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ)
If + S + V(past perfect) + S + would/could/might + have + past participle
EX : If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter.
Note : có thể dùng phép đảo ngữ trong Past unreal conditional sentences 
Ex : If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
--> Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
-----Mệnh đề điều kiện có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính.
-----Trong mệnh đề điều kiện, ta có thể thay “If” bằng “unless” (nếu  không, trừ phi). Unless tương đương với “If not”
Conditional in reported speech
Khi viết câu điều kiện dưới dạng câu tường thuật thì:
Type 1 lùi 1 thì 
Type 2 và Type 3 không đổi
Ex1: “If I go out with Tom, he won’t go alone” Mary said
--> Mary said (that) if she went out with Tom, she wouldn’t go alone.
Ex2: “What would you do if you went abroad?” Nam asked Trung
--> Nam asked Trung what he would do if he went abroad?
Unit 8: CELEBRATION
SOMEONE,ANYONE,EVERYONE,NO ONE ,ONE,ONES,NONE
1. SOMEONE ( một người nào đó ) 
- Động từ chia số ít 
- Thường dùng trong câu xác định 
Someone has stolen my sandals : một người nào đó đã chôm dép của tôi rồi 
2. ANYONE ( bất cứ ai )
- Động từ chia số ít 
- Thường dùng trong câu phủ định, nghi vấn 
Don't believe anyone in the house : đừng tin bất cứ ai trong nhà này .
3. EVERYONE (mọi/ mỗi người )
- Động từ chia số ít 
- Thường dùng trong câu xác định 
4. NO ONE ( lưu ý chữ này viết rời ra ) : không ai 
- Động từ chia số ít 
- Thường dùng trong câu xác định 
No one likes him : không ai thích anh ta 
Lưu ý : Cách dùng trong câu xác định hay phủ định ,nghi vấn là chỉ mang tính tương đối -thường dùng thôi chứ không phải bắt buộc mà phải dịch theo nghĩa của câu.
5. NO, NONE ( Không ) (- không ai ,không thứ gì cả )
Hai chữ này trong sách giáo khoa không có nhưng nhiều thầy cô cho nâng cao nên sẵn mình học luôn để dành phòng thân ấy mà .
cần nhớ công thức biến đổi từ NOT qua NO và NONE như sau:
NOT + ANY = NO 
NO + N = NONE 
I don't see any books on the table : tôi khô