Ngữ pháp và bài tập Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh

REPORTED SPEECH
I. Grammar
1. Khi chuyển một câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp cần thay đổi những thành phần cơ bản sau:
a. Thì của động từ:
Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (Note: nếu động từ dẫn ở câu gián tiếp là thì hiện tại thì thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không thay đổi so với câu trực tiếp)
Thì trong Lời nói trực tiếp
Thì trong Lời nói gián tiếp
Hiện tại đơn
( S + Vs/es )
Quá khứ đơn
S + Vqk
Hiện tại tiếp diễn
( S + is/am/are + V_ing )
Quá khứ tiếp diễn
( S + was/were + V_ing )
Hiện tại hoàn thành
( S + has/ have + PII )
Quá khứ hoàn thành
( S + had + PII )
Quá khứ đơn
S + Vqk
Quá khứ hoàn thành
( S + had + PII )
Is/am/are going to do
Was/were going to do
Can/may/must do
Could/might/had to do
Must 
Had to
Will
Would
b. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn (Nếu có)
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
This
That
Tomorrow 
The next day / the following day
These 
Those
Yesterday
The day before / the previous day
Here 
There
Last + danh từ thời gian
Ex: Last week
The previous +danh từ thời gian/ the + danh từ thời gian + before
→ The previous week/ the week before
Now 
Then
Next + danh từ thời gian
Ex: Next week 
The following/ The next + danh từ thời gian
→The following/ the next week
Today
That day
Ago
Before
c. Thay đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu..... (Nếu có)
Đại từ nhân xưng (Chủ ngữ)
Tân ngữ 
Tính từ sở hữu
Đại từ sở hữu
I –> he/she
We –> they
You –> I/ we, he, she 
me -> him/ her 
us -> them 
you -> me/ him/ her
my ->his/ her 
our -> their 
your -> my
mine ->his/ her 
ours -> theirs 
yours -> mine
Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp
 1. Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)
 S + said (to + O) + that S + V
 S + told + O + that S + V.
 Eg: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said.
 -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.
*Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed
2. Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp (Questions in reported speech)
Notes : Khi chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp thành gián tiếp cũng cần áp dụng qui tắc chuyển đổi trên, ngoài ra cần thay đổi:
Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp là asked/ wanted to know/ wondered ( tự hỏi)
Trật tự từ chuyển về dạng trần thuật tức là chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ và không có trợ động từ
Không dùng liên từ “that’, dấu “?” được bỏ đi
a. Yes/ no questions:
S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause
 Eg: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?” 
 Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television
b. Wh-questions:
S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause
 Eg: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”
 He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.
Chú ý: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có cả câu trần thuật và câu hỏi khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần nào vẫn cứ đi phần ấy
 Eg: “ I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”
 He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time
3. Reported speech with to infinitive
Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V
Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V
Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V
 a. Đề nghị, lời mời:
 * Ta sử dụng “ Would you like to V... / How about / Why don’t you +  để mời 
 S + invited + (O) + to V 
 S + offered + to V 
Eg: He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”
---> He invited me to go out for a drink.
 She said to me; “How about some coffee”
-> She invited me some coffee 
Eg: Why don’t you come to my village to have a day off?
 * Offer: - Would you like me to V
 - Shall I do.../ Can I? Could I ?
 - I’ll do  if you like 
Eg: Can I help you with the dishes? Shall I shut the door?
Would you like a drink? Would you like to come for a meal?
 b. Yêu cầu: (động từ tường thuật ask)
* Could you.? , Can you ? Would you mind ? Or câu mệnh lệnh để yêu cầu
Eg: “Would you mind closing the door?” ® he asked me to close the door.
 Can you close the door? Close the door ,please.
* “I’d like” “Can I have?” khi chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc 
 “Could I have?”	 S + asked + someboby + for + something
Eg: In a restaurant, the man said; “I’d like a bottle of red wine, please”
-> The man asked for a bottle of red wine 
c. Khuyên bảo:
Ex: “You should study harder,” my mother said.
---> My mother advised me to study harder.
 *Lời khuyên bảo
 - You should / You ought to V...........
 - If I were you , I would/ should 
 - You had better 
 - Why don’t you .
Chuyển sang gián tiếp có cấu trúc sau: S + advised + O + to V 
 d. Lời nhắc nhở
“Remember”	khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc sau
Don’t for get
 S + remind(ed) + someboby + to Infinitive verb
Eg: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”
-> She reminded me to ring her up the bext eveining 
 e. Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như: all right, yes, of course (áp dụng cấu trúc sau): 
 S + agreed + to verb
Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said
-> He agreed to wait for me 
 f.Câu trực tiếp diễn tả sự mong muốn: would like, wish :
 S + wanted + obj + to verb
Eg: “I’d like Lan to become a doctor,” my mum said 
-> My mum wanted Lan to become a doctor 
 g. Từ chối : S + refused + to V 
Eg: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car”
-> He refused to lend me his car.
 h. Lời hứa: S + promised to V
Eg: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday” 
-> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
4. Reported speech with gerund: (câu gián tiếp với danh động từ) 
Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V-ing
Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing
Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V-ing.
Cảm ơn, xin lỗi:
 S + thanked + s.o + for + v-ing
 S + apologized for + (not) + v-ing
 S + apologized + to + s.o + for + (not) + v-ing
Eg1: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
---> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Eg2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.
---> Peter apologised for being late.
b. Chúc mừng:
S + congratulated + s.o + on + v-ing
Eg: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship. Congratulations!”
---> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.
c. Cương quyết, khăng khăng:
S + insisted + on + v-ing
Eg: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
---> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
d. Cảnh báo, ngăn cản: 
Lời cảnh báo như : be careful, be dangerous
 a. S + warned + s.o + to verb
 b. S + warned + s.o + against + v-ing 
eg1: “Be careful of strangers and don’t go out at night”; he said 
-> He warned us to be careful strangers and not to out at night 
Eg2: “Don’t stay at the near the airport,” I said to Ann
-> I warned Ann against staying at the hotel near the airport
 Eg3: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said to Linda.
 ---> I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone at night.
Ngăn cản: S + prevented, stopped + s.o + from + v-ing
Eg1: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane
-> Her mother prevented Jane from going out that night 
Eg2: “Sit here. I can’t let you stand all the time,” Mary said to me.
---> Mary prevented me from standing all the time.
e. Chấp nhận hoặc phủ nhận:
Eg1: “We stole his money,” they said.
---> They admitted stealing his money.
Eg2: “I didn’t steal his money,” she said.
---> She denied stealing his money.
f. Đề nghị, gợi ý: * Lêi ®Ò nghÞ, gîi ý th­êng b¾t ®Çu b»ng:
 - sö dông “could” ®Ó gîi ý: She could phone her
 - Shall we . 
What about / How about V-ing/ Let’s V./ Why don’t we V . 
 S + suggest + (not) + V-ing 
S1 + suggest (ed) + That + S2 + should + bare infinitive
Eg: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home 
-> He suggested that we should go home 
Eg: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.
---> Susan suggested going out for a drink.
g. Tố cáo, buộc tội:
Eg: “You took some of my money,” he said.
---> He accused me of taking some of his money.
h. Mơ ước:
S + dreamed + of + v-ing
Eg: “I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said.
---> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.
“I’ve always wante to be rich, ” Bob said 
-> Bob had always dreamed of being rich
i. Suy nghĩ về cái gì
S + think (thought) + of +v-ing
Eg: John’s wife: The house is very nice! We’ll certainly buy it 
John : I think so 
-> John and his wife were thinking of buying the house. 
k. Sự chấp nhận
S + admitted + v-ing
Eg: Detective: You have stolen Mrs. Brown’s car!
The thief|: Yes! But 
-> The thief admitted stealing/having stolen Mrs Brown’s car 
l. Sự mong muốn
S + looked forward to + v-ing
Eg: “Mr.Smith: I feel like meeting our children soon”
 	Mrs Smith: I think so 
-> Mr and Mrs. Smith looked forward to meeting their children soon 
* Lưu ý, trong những trường hợp sau động từ không biến đổi
1. Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí hay một thói quen ở hiện tại
EX: 	 1. My father said “New York is bigger than London”
- My father said that New York is bigger than London
2. The teacher said, “The moon moves around the earth”
- The teacher said that the moon moves around the earth.
3. He said, “ I always drink milk for breakfast”
- Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast.
2. Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái như: could, would, should, might, ought to, used to, had better.
EX:	My friend said, “You had better contact with her”
	- My friend said that I had better contact with her.
3. Lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại II hoặc câu điều kiện loại II.
	He said, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t wait”
	- He said that if he were me he wouldn’t wait.
4. Thời quá khứ đơn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn có thời gian các định hoặc thuộc mệnh đề chỉ thời gian.
	1. She said, “My mother arrived on Monday”
	- She said that her mother arrived on Monday.
	2. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing tennis”
	- He said when he saw them they were playing tennis.
II. Hướng dẫn học sinh cách làm bài tập trắc nghiệm
1. Nhận biết đáp án sai và loại trực tiếp: 
a. Dựa vào thì của động từ: 
- nếu nhận biết được đó là 1 câu gián tiếp mà có đáp án liên quan tới thì hiện tại (hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tai hoàn thành) hoặc tương lai (tương lai đơn, tương lai gần) thì sẽ loại trực tiếp đáp án đó.
- nếu đó là 1 câu hỏi thì có thể loại trực tiếp những đáp án có trợ động từ đảo lên trước chủ ngữ.
Ex: I said to Nick: “Where are you going?”
A. I asked Nick where was he going. B. I asked Nick where he was going.
C. I asked Nick where is he going. D. I asked Nick where he is going.
Phân tích: đây là câu hỏi chuyển sang gián tiếp nên có thể loại trực tiếp đáp án A, C, D do đã đảo trợ động từ lên trước chủ ngữ (A, C) và sử dụng thì động từ không phù hợp (D).
b. Dựa vào trạng từ: nếu có những đáp án không phù hợp về trạng từ thì cũng loại trực tiếp (trong câu gián tiếp không thể có các trạng từ như: today, yesterday, tomorrow, here, now, last........)
Ex: “I wrote to him yesterday”
a. She said to me I wrote to him the day before.
b. She told me she wrote to him yesterday.
c. She told me she had written to him yesterday.
d. She told me she had written to him the day before.
Phân tích: câu này có thể loại trực tiếp đáp án b, c do sử dụng trạng từ yesterday trong câu gián tiếp là không phù hợp.
c. Dựa vào 1 số cấu trúc cố định: 1 số cấu trúc đi với to V/ Ving
Ex: Jamei: “ Don’t eat so much junk food !”
a. Jamei reminded me not to eat so much junk food	b. Jamei asked me to not eat so much junk food
c. Jamei reminded me not to ate so much junk food	 d. Jamei says me not to eat so much junk food
Phân tích: câu này có thể loại trực tiếp đáp án b, c do không đúng cấu trúc (reminded/ asked sbd not to V).
2. Với những đáp án có thể đúng còn lại, học sinh tiếp tục xem xét và loại trừ dần để chọn ra đáp án đúng nhất.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Change these sentences into Reported Speech:
1. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”
...
2. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week”
.
3. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks”
..
4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully”
.
5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend”
..
6. Hoa said “I may visit my parents in the summer”
..
7. The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students”
.
8. She said “She doesn’t buy this book”
.
9. She said to him, “Where do you live?”
..
10. She said to me, “When have you been to town today?”
...
11. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me
..
12. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked Lan
..
13. Do you enjoy reading?” Phong asked Peter
..
14. “Does she like sports?” Hoa asked Lan
...
15. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam
.
16. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom
.
17. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend
..
18. “ It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
→ Tom thanked ____________ for _____________________________________________________ 
19. “ I hear you passed your exams. Congratulations!” John said to us.
→John congratulated __________ on _____________________________________________________ 
20. “ I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier,” Mary said.
→ Mary apologized for ________________________________________________________________
21. “ I’ll drive you to the station. I insist,” Peter said to Linda.
→ Peter insisted on ____________________________________________________________________
22. “ You didn’t pay attention to what I said ,” the teacher said to the boy.
→ The teacher accused __________ of ____________________________________________________
23. “ Keep quiet,” the teacher said to us.
→The teacher told us __________________________________________________________________
24. “ We’ll come back again.”
→They promised _____________________________________________________________________
25. “ You’d better not swim too far from the shore,” the lifeguard said to us.
→The lifeguard advised _______________________________________________________________
26. “ Could you close the window?” John siad to Peter.
→John asked ________________________________________________________________________
27. “ You should join the football team, Eric,” said the teacher.
→The teacher encouraged ______________________________________________________________
28. “ I’ll give it to him tomorrow,” John said.
→John promised _____________________________________________________________________
29. “ Remember to lock the door before going to school,” my sister said.
→My sister reminded _________________________________________________________________
30. “ You should go home and rest for a while,” said the boss.
→His boss advised ___________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer 
1. He said he..at the “Ritz” Hotel. 
A.is staying 
B. has stayed 
C. was staying 
D. will stay 
2. He asked me where I.
A. have studied
B. study
C. am studying
D. studied
3. I thought that I .my work at that time. 
A. shall finish
B. will finish
C. would finish
D. will have finished
4. He wondered if she lived.with her parents.
A. here
B. there
C. in there
D. in here
5. They wonderedshe would come if it rained.
A. what
B. who
C. whether
D. then
6. He says he..at school two years ago.
A. had worked
B. works
C had been working
D. worked
7. Victor said he.very busy.
A. is
B. will be
C. was
D. may be
8. I asked Hoa if she Chinese.
A. could speak
B. speaks
C. can speak
D. has spoken
9. Tina asked me how long I..a teacher.
A. have been
B. had been
C. am
D. will be
10. She asked me.I liked pop music.
A. if
B. whether
C. that
D. A&B
11. The students asked if I was going to teach them physics
A. the next day
B. next day
C. day next
D. the day next
12. I want to know if hefor her birthday.
A. has bought
B. buys
C. had bought
D. would buy
13. She said she.come to the party on Friday. 
A. won’t
B. can’t
C. doesn’t
D. couldn’t
14. Chris asked me where my car.
A. is
B. will be
C. was
D. has been
15. Mr Jim said that he.happy with his new assistant.
A. weren’t
B. isn’t
C. wasn’t
D. aren’t
16. He said that John.up his job.
A. has given
B. have given 
C. had give
D. had given
17. She said that she to learn to drive.
A. is going 
B. was going
C. go
D. goes
18. I knew that he.a very clever man.
A. was
B. will be
C. has been
D. is
19. They said they.us if we needed.
A. help
B. helped
C. had gone
D. would help
20. She said she..the next week, but I never saw her again.
A. will be back
B. had been back
C. would be back
D. is back
21. She said that she..there the year before.
A. had gone
B. went
C. would go
D. goes
22. I wonderthe tickets are on sale yet.
A. what
B. whether
C. where
D. when
23. She says she.the book.
A. already finds B. has already found C. had already found D. would already find
24. I was sure he.the letter.
A. posted
B. had posted
C. will post
D. is posting
25. He said he.to the station to see me off.
A. came
B. will come
C. would come
D. is coming
26. The policeman asked George where heso early.
A. is running
B. ran
C. was running
D. runs
27. He says that he..the laws of the country.
A. knew
B. is knowing
C. knows
D. had known
28. They realised that they..their way in the dark.
A. had lost
B. lose
C. lost
D. was lost
29. My friend asked me who.the piano in the sitting room.
A. plays
B. was playing
C. is playing
D. has played
30. “Go home,” said the teacher to us.
A. The teacher told us to go home	B. The teacher said us to go home
C. The teacher told us go home	D. The teacher told to us to go home
31. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said Granny to Helen.
A. Granny told Helen not forget to clean her teeth.	 B. Granny remind Helen to clean her teeth.
C. Granny told Helen to not forget to clean her teeth. D. Granny said Helen not to forget to clean her teerh.
32. “Please bring me some fish soup,” he said to the waitress.
A. He asked the waitress bring him some fish soup. B. He asked the waitress to bring her some fish soup.
C. He asked the waitress to bring him some fish soup. D. He asked the waitress bring her some fish soup.
33. “This man spoke to me on the road,” said the woman.
A. The woman said that man had spoken to me on the road.
 B. The woman said that man has spoken to her on the road.
C. The woman said that man spoke to her on the road. 
D. The woman said that man had spoken to her on the road.
34. I said to Nick: “Where are you going?”
A. I asked Nick where was he going. B. I asked Nick where he was going.
C. I asked Nick where is he going. D. I asked Nick where he is going.
35. “If I were you, I’d try to get a room on the top of floor,” he said.
A. He advised me to try to get a room on the top floor. B. He advised me to try getting a room on the top floor.
C. He offered me to try to get a room on the top floor. D. He suggested me to try to get a room on the top floor.
36. “I’ll wait for you if you like,” she said.
A. She offered to wait for me. 	B. She said she’d wait for me if I liked.
C. She suggested she waited for me. 	D. A&B are correct.
37. “Remember to switch off when you’ve finished,” he said.
A. He reminded me to switch off when I’ve finished.	B. He reminded me to switch off when I’d finished.
C. He offered me to switch off when I’d finished.	D. He suggested me to switch off whe