Lý thuyết và bài tập Phrases and clauses of concession (Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION 
(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ) 
Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ dùng để diễn đạt hai ý trái ngược trong cùng một câu. 
I. PHRASES OF CONCESSION 
 Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng giới từ ‘In spite of’ hoặc ‘Despite’ (mang 
nghĩa mặc dù, cho dù) 
 Cấu trúc : 
In spite of 
+ N/N phrase/Gerund phrase, Main clause 
Despite 
 Sau hai giới từ này phải là một danh từ, một cụm danh từ hoặc một V-ing. 
E.g. Despite the cold weather, they enjoyed the picnic. 
 Despite the fact that the weather was cold, they enjoyed the picnic. 
 Despite the weather being cold, they enjoyed the picnic. 
In spite of his old age, he still leads an active life. 
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 Mệnh đề có ‘Despite’ hoặc ‘In spite of’ có thể được đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Nếu đứng 
trước mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề 
chính, ta không cần thêm dấu phẩy. 
She couldn’t pass the exam despite studying hard. 
II. CLAUSES OF CONCCESSION 
 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động trong câu. 
 Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu với những từ nối : although, though, even though, no matter, 
whatever (dù, cho dù) 
 Cấu trúc : 
 Đằng sau 3 cụm từ này phải là một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh (có cả chủ ngữ và động từ). Các mệnh đề 
này có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Nếu đứng trước mệnh đề chính, ta phả i thêm dấu 
phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta không cần thêm dấu phẩy. 
E.g. Although the weather was cold, they enjoyed the picnic. 
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has bad grades. 
Anna was fond of Jim though he often annoyed her. 
 Nếu ‘though’ đứng một mình cuối câu, tách biệt bởi câu chính bởi dấu phẩy thì nó mang nghĩa tuy 
nhiên. 
He promised to call me, till now I haven’t received any call from him, though. 
2/ 
No matter + who/what/when/where/why/how (adj, adv) + S + V, main clause 
Whatever (+N) + S + V, main clause 
 Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng NO MATTER hoặc WHATEVER thường được đặt trước mệnh đề chính, mang 
nghĩa ‘dù . đi nữa’ 
1/ 
Although 
+ S + V , Main clause Though 
Even though 
E.g. No matter how hard she tried, she couldn’t pass the exam. 
No matter what she says, I don’t believe her. 
Whatever jobs he chose, his parent were pleased with him. 
PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON 
(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ LÝ DO) 
I. PHRASES OF REASON 
 Cụm từ chỉ lý do thường được bắt đầu bằng từ nối : because of, owing to, due to, as a result 
of, on account of 
 Cấu trúc : 
Because of 
+ N/N phrase/Gerund phrase, Main clause 
Owing to 
Due to 
On account of 
As a result of 
 Các cụm từ này có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính, mang nghĩa là ‘vì, do’. Nếu đứng trước 
mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta 
không cần thêm dấu phẩy. 
E.g. Jan was worried because of the rain. 
Because of the traffic jam, the students arrived late. 
The project has to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. 
Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies. 
She dies as a result of her injuries. 
II. CLAUSES OF REASON 
 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do là một mệnh đề phụ chỉ lý do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được 
nêu trong mệnh đề chính. 
 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do thường được nối với mệnh đề chính nhờ các từ nối như : because, 
as, since. (Lưu ý : ‘since’ và ‘as’ thường đặt ở đầu câu) 
 Cấu trúc : 
Because/As/Since + S + V, main clause 
E.g. He came ten minutes late because he missed the first bus. 
As the weather was bad, they didn’t take part in the trip. 
EXERCISES 
I. Complete the sentences with although/ in spite of/ because/ because of 
1. ................. it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. 
2. I couldn’t get to sleep ...................... the noise. 
3. ..................... I had an apple for lunch, I ate dinner early. 
4. A lot of things went wrong ...................... all our careful plans. 
5. She wasn’t wearing a coat .......................... it was quite cold 
6. He only accepted the job ....................... the salary, which was very high. 
7. I went home early ................................. I was tired. 
8. ............................. I knew the truth, I decided not to tell them. 
9. Sarah can’t climb up the tree ........................ her fear of heights 
10. We decided not to go out for a meal ............................... we had no money. 
II. Rewrite the following sentences using the words provided without changing the meaning. 
1. It rained alot but we enjoyed our holiday. (although) 
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2. Though we had planned carefully, alot of things went wrong. (in spite of) 
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3. I managed to sleep despite the fact that there was alot of noise. (although) 
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4. I couldn’t sleep well although I was very tired. (despite) 
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5. They have very little money but they are very happy. (in spite of ) 
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6. Inspite of the silly story, I enjoyed the film.(although) 
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7. I was feeling well but I went home early. (though) 
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8. I could get to sleep although it was noisy. (despite) 
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9. He has a very important job, but he isn’t particularly well-paid. (although) 
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10. Although the trafic was bad, I arrived on time. (despite) 
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11. We went out inspite of the rain. (Although) 
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12. Although I had all the necessary qualifications, I didn’t get the job. (In spite of) 
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14. I had an umbrella but I got very wet in the rain. (Even though) 
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15. Although my foot was injured, I managed to walk to the nearest village. (in spite of) 
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16. She wasn’t wearing a coat although it was quite cold. (despite) 
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17. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand.(in spite of) 
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18. I didn’t recognise her although I’d met her twice before. (despite) 
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19. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph. (in spite of) 
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20. He took many pictures though the sky was cloudy. (despite) 
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III. Combine sentences, using clause or phrase of reason: 
1. It's raining, so we stay at home. 
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2. Most people hear jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog. 
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3. The climate in the country is healthy, so people like to live here. 
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4. A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes very popular nowadays. 
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5. Tomorrow is a public holiday, so all the shops will be shut. 
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IV. Change clauses of reason to phrases: 
1. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick. 
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2. She went to bed early because she felt tired. 
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3.Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold 
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4. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically. 
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5. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick. 
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6. I like him because his father is kind to me. 
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7. I can't eat these fruits because they are green. 
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8. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult. 
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9. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark. 
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10. He came late because it rained heavily.