Chuyên đề ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh: Một số dạng ngữ pháp, từ và cấu trúc thường gặp trong viết lại câu

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I. Lý do chọn đề tài
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II. Giải pháp thực tế giúp học sinh học Viết lại câu hiệu quả
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1. Lập kế hoạch cho từng tiết dạy, buổi dạy:
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2. Thực hiện tốt tiến trình dạy Viết lại câu
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3.1.1. Past simple à present perfect 
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3.1.2. Cách biến đổi Although à Despite/ In spite of 
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3.1.3. THE CONDITIONAL(CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)
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3.1.4. PASSIVE VOICE
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3.1.5. INVERSION
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3.1.6. SUBJUNCTIVES (THỂ GIẢ ĐỊNH) 
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3.1.7. TIME CLAUSES
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3.1.8. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
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3.1.9 . SO ADJ/ADV THAT / SUCH AN/AN + ADJ+ N + THAT
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3.1.10. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
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3.1.11. REPORTED SPEECH
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3.2. MỘT SỐ TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU
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3.2.1. Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ chỉ người. 
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3.2.1. go up/ rise/ increase /fall/ decrease/ decline/drop ßà N: rise/ increase/fall/ decrease/ decline
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3.2.3 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SURPRISE
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3.2.4 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ INTEND
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3.2.5 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ DIFFICULT
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3.2.6 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SUCCEED/ MANAGE/ FAIL
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3.2.7 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ LIKELY
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3.2.8 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANCE/ OPPORTUNITY
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3.2.9 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ POSSIBLE
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3.2.10 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANGE
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3.2.11. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SEEM
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3.2.12. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ MIND
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3.2.13. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ NECESSARY
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3.2.14. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ EXPECT
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3.2.15. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ PREVENT/ STOP
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3.2.16. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ WORTH/ POINT/ USE/ WASTE
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3.2.17. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SPEND/TAKE TIME
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3.3. Bài tập áp dụng
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3.4. Đáp Án
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III. KẾT LUẬN
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TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
60
3. MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP, TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU.
3.1. MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU
3.1.1. Viết lại câu thực hiện chuyển đổi từ Thì quá khứ đơn sang thì hiện tại hoàn thành và ngược lại 
3.1.1.1. This is the first time S have/has + (ever) + Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv
à S have/ has never Vpp Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv  before
Example:
This is the first time I have seen him.
à I have . 
à I have never seen him before. 
3.1.1.2. The last time + S + past simplewas + time + ago/ in+ time
à S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vppfor/ since + time
Example:
The last time she visited us was two years ago. 
à She hasn't  
She hasn't visited us for two years. 
Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since .
3.1.1.3. S + last + past simple  time + ago /in + time/ when + S + past simple
à S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vppfor/ since + time
Example:
I last saw him when I was a student. 
I have not..
à I haven't seen him since I was a student. 
Mẫu này có dạng :
Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since .
3.1.1.4. S + began/ started + V-ing/ To V . in+time/ time+ago/ when S + past simple
à S + have/has + Ved/3.. since/ for + time
 have/ has + been + V-ing. 	
I started / began studying English 3 years ago. 
I have.
à I have studied English for 3 years. / I have been studying English for 3 years.
Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since .
3.1.1.5. It’s + time + since + S + (last) + past simple
 à S + have/ has + (not) + Ved/Vpp for + time
Example:
It's ten years since I last met him. 
à I have not.
I haven't met him for ten years . 
3.1.1.6. When did + S + V0.?
à How long is it since + S + past simple..?
 have/ has + S + Ved/Vpp..?
Example
When did you buy it ? 
How long  
How long have you bought it? 
3.1.1.7. It/this/that is the + Adj (superlative) + S + have + ever + Ved/Vpp
 à	S + have/ has + never + Ved/Vpp + such (a/ an) + Adj + N + (before)
This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted. 
à I have 
I have never tasted such a delicious cake before.
3.1.1.8. This is the first time + S + have + Ved/Vpp +  
à S+be + not used to + Ving/N
This is the first time I have seen so many people crying at the end of the movie.
I was not used..
I was not used to seeing so many people crying at the end of the movie.
3.1.2. Cách biến đổi Although/Even though/ Though à Despite/ In spite of 
Although/ though + Clause
Despite / in spite of + N/ Ving 
Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau:
3.1.2.1. Although/ though + S + V, S’ + V’ (S=S’)
à Despite/ in spite of + Ving, S’ + V’.
Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.
à Despite / in spite of .
Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.
2.1.2.2. Although/ though + the+N + be + Adj, S’ + V’
à Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N, S’ + V’.
Although the rain was heavy, they enjoyed their game.
Despite/ in spite of 
Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, they enjoyed their game.
3.1.2.3. Although/ though + personal Pronoun + be + Adj, S’ + V’
à Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + N, S’ + V’.
Although He was sick,........
=> Despite / in spite of his sickness,.......
3.1.2.4. Although/ though + personal Pronoun + V + adv, S’ + V’
à Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + adj+N, S’ + V’.
Although He behaved impolitely,.....
=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior ,.........
3.1.2.5. Although/ though + there be+(a/an)N , S’ + V’
à Despite/ in spite of + a/an + N, S’ + V’.
Although there was an accident ,.....
=> Despite / in spite of an accident,......
3.1.2.6. Although/ though + it + be + Adj (weather), S’ + V’
à Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N(weather), S’ + V’.
Although it was rainy, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the rain, .
Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:
Foggy => fog  ( sương mù  )
Snowy => snow (tuyết)
Rainy => rain (mưa)
Stormy => storm ( bão)
3.1.2.7 Phương pháp cuối cùng cũng là phương pháp dễ nhất : thêm the fact that trước mệnh đề.
Phương pháp này áp dụng được cho mọi câu mà khôgn cần phân tích xem nó thuộc mẫu này, tuy nhiên phương pháp này không được khuyến khích sử dụng vì suy cho cùng những biến đổi trên đây  là rèn luyện cho các em cách sử dụng các cấu trúc câu, do đó nếu câu nào cũng thêm the fact that rồi viết lại hết thì các em sẽ không nâng cao được trình độ. Phương pháp này chỉ áp dụng khi gặp câu quá phức tạp mà không có cách nào biến đổi. Một trường hợp khác mà các em có thể sử dụng nữa là : trong lúc đi thi gặp câu khó mà mình quên cách biển đổi .
Although he behaved impolitely,................................................
à Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,.............................................
3.1.2.8. Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’
à However+ adj/adv +S+V.., S’ + V’.
Driving at that spees is dangerous although you are an experienced driver or not. 
However .................................................................................................................
However experinced a driver you are// you are as a driver, driving at that speed is dangerous. 
3.1.2.9. Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’
à adj/adv +as/though+S+V.., S’ + V’
I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements.
→Much ....................................
→Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her.
3.1.3. THE CONDITIONAL(CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)
3.1.3.1. Conditional type 1
a. Nếu câu đề là: (Don’t )V.or S will/can(not) infinitive :
à If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive
Example:
1. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson.
→ If ......
If you don’t stop talking, you won’t understand the lesson.
2. Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes.
à If..
If you are impatient, you will make mistakes.
b. S1 will/can infinitive; S2 will/can(not) infinitive :
à If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive
Example: He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car.
à If..
If he pays me tonight, I will have enough money to buy a car.
c. Use UNLESS à IF NOT
EX: 	
1. If you do not study hard, you will fail the exam. 
 Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam
2. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another 
Unless..
d. If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive
à Provided that/ As long as/ So long as S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive
1. If we try hard, we can finish it in a week.
Provided 
Provided that we try hard, we can finish it in a week.
2. Provided your hand writing is legible the examiner will accept your answer.
As long as the examiner ..
So long as the examiner .
So long as the examiners can read your handwriting, they will accept your answer.
e. If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive
à Should S infinitive, S2 will/ can(not) infinitive
Example:
If you find it necessary, you can contact me on this number.
→Should ..
→Should you find it necessary, you can contact me on this number.
3.1.3.2. Conditional type 2
a. S1 present simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 present simple
è If S1 past simple, S2 could/would infinitive
Nếu trong câu có because, so (= that’s why) thì phải bỏ (đặt if vào chổ because , còn so (= that’s why) thì ngược lại)
Peter is fat because he eats so many chips. 
→If .....
If Peter did not eat so many chips, he would not be fat.
b. S1 + present simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ present simple
è If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive
They don't go to the cinema, so they don't know anything about new movies and actors.
If 
If they knew something about new movies and actors, they would go to the cinema.
c. If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive
à Were S1 (+ to V) O.., S2 could/would (not) infinitive
The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.
→Were ..
→Were it not for the money, the job wouldn’t be worthwhile.
3.1.3.3. Conditional type 3
a. S1 + past simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ past simple
è If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp
My husband didn’t leave the keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station.
If my husban.
b. S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect
è If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp
We got lost in the jungle because we didn't have a map.
If we had........................................................................................................ 
c. - If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp
 - S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect.
 - It was N that + past simple+..
à But for + N/Ving,
àHad S (not) Vpp/Ved.., ..
Example
It was his incompetence that led to their capture.
à If .
Had it
But for.
à If it had not been for his incompetence, they would not have been captured.
d. Without + Ving/ N, S will/ would/ could + ..
àIf conditional type 2/ type 3
If he had not helped, I would not have been able to find my way. 
Without..
Without his help, I would not have been able to find my way.
3.1.4. PASSIVE VOICE
3.1.4. 1. Somebody + want/ like/expect + someone to do something
Somebody + want /like/expect + something + to be done
EX:
Our teacher wants us to prepare our lessons carefully.
Our teacher wants our lessons to be prepared carefully. 
They expected me to finish my work early.
They expected my work to be finished early.
3.1.4.2
Somebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + to do something
àSomebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + that something + should be + done
EX:
She decided to rebuild the house.
She decided that the house should be rebuilt.
3.1.4.3 Something + need(s) + doing	(also: want+ v-ing/require+v-ing)
Something + need(s) + to be done	(also: want+ to be done/require+to be done)
EX:
The house needs cleaning. (passive meaning)	These flowers require watering.
The house needs to be cleaned. 	These flowers require to be watered.
You don’t need to prepare the lesson (active) 	The chickens need feeding
The lesson doesn’t need to be prepared. 	The chickens need to be fed.
The lesson doesn’t need preparing.
3.1.4.4. A. PRESENT MEANING
people + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report/suppose/hope/declare/rumour + that + some one + do something (active) 
F PASSIVE
PASSIVE
TYPE 1
It is 
thought
expected
believed
estimated
said
reported
supposed
hoped
declared
rumoured
that S + do something
TYPE 2
S tobe 
to do something
EX: 
1. People think that he drives dangerously. (active)
	It is thought that he drives dangerously. (type 1)
	He is thought to drive dangerously. (type 2)
2. People believe that he is a good teacher.
	It is believed that he is a good teacher. (type 1)
	He is believed to be a good teacher. (type 2)
3. People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the old one. 
This new teaching method .
This new teaching method is believed to be more effective than the old one.
 (Đề thi TN THPTQG năm 2015)
B. PAST MEANING
people + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report/suppose/hope/declare/rumour + that + someone + did something (active) 
F PASSIVE
PASSIVE
TYPE 1
It is 
thought
expected
believed
estimated
said
reported
supposed
hoped
declared
rumoured
that S + did something
TYPE 2
S tobe 
to have done something
EX: 
People think that he drove dangerously. (active)
	It is thought that he drove dangerously. (type 1)
	He is thought to have driven dangerously. (type 2)
People believed that he is a good teacher. (active)
	It is believed that he was a good teacher. (type 1)
	He is believed to have been a good teacher. (type 2)
NOTE:
It’s your duty to do something 
You are supposed to do something 
EX:
	It’s your duty to lock all the doors.
	You are supposed to lock all the doors.
3.1.4.5. 
Somebody + see/make/let + someone + do + something (active)
Someone is seen/made + to do something (passive)
Someone is let + do something (passive) but we often say: someone is (not) allowed to do something
EX:
He made me stay outside yesterday. (active)
I was made to stay outside yesterday. 
The teacher let us go home early last week. (active)
We were let go home early by the teacher last week.
often: We were allowed to go home early by the teacher last week.
I saw the thief climb the wall. (active)
The thief was seen to climb the wall.
3.1.4.6. 
Somebody + have + someone + do something 
Somebody + get + someone + to do something 
Somebody + have + something + done
"To get someone to do something" suggests that you talked to the person and convinced him to do something.
"To have someone do something" simply states that you arranged for someone to do something, whether or not that person did it voluntarily.
Example
He had his waiter carry the luggage home.
He had the luggage carried home by the waiter. 
I got the postman to post the letter for me.
I had the letter posted for me by the postman.
3.1.4.7
Don’t do something (active) F something mustn’t be done 
It’s impossible to do something (active) F something can’t be done
It’s possible to do something (active) F something can be done
Example
Don’t touch this switch
à This switch mustn’t be touched
It is impossible to do this
This can’t be done.
3.1.4.8
Somebody + advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend someone to do something (active)
Cách 1: someone is advised/ begged/ urged/ recommended to do something 
Cách 2: somebody advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend that something should be done
EX: He advised me to sell the car.
I was advised to sell the car.
He advised that the car should be sold.
3.1.4.9
Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious +to do something (active)
Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious + that something should be done
EX: She decided to rebuild the house.
She decided that the house should be rebuilt.
3.1.4.10
Somebody + insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + doing something (active)
Somebody insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest that something should be done
Example
He suggested selling the radio
àHe suggested that radio should be sold. 
They advised enlarging the garden
àThey advised that the garden should be enlarged.
3.1.4.11
Mệnh lệnh thức (imperative) + Object F S + should/must + be +P2/ Let+object+be+P.P
Example
Turn on the lights. 	
à The lights should be turned on. 	
Open your book, please!
à Let your book be opened, please!
3.1.5. INVERSION
3.1.5.1. Đảo ngữ trong 1 số trường hợp câu phủ định.
( Inversion in nagative sentences)
a. Một số trạng từ phủ định đứng đầu câu.
	Hardly (ever)
	Barely
	Scarcely (ever) + Inversion
	Rarely
	Never again/ before
	Never
	Seldom
	Little
Example:	 
1. You can hardly/barely/scarcely see anyone wear a hat nowadays.
Barely/ Hardly/ Scarcely.
à Barely/ Hardly/ Scarely can you see anyone wear a hat nowadays.
2. Such a situation should never be allowed to arise again
--> Never 
--> Never again should such a situation be allowed to arise.
3. The thief little realized that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank.
--> Little .
Little did the thief realize that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank.
4. This remedy rarely failed
--> Rarely did this remedy fail
5. I had never before been asked to accept a bribe.
-->Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.
b. Đảo ngữ trong câu bắt đầu bằng “Not”
Not + noun phrase
Not + till + phrase + Inversion.
Not + until + clause.
Example
1. She didn’t shed a tear even though the story ended in tragedy.
--> Not a tear did she shed even though the story ended in tragedy.
2.The whole truth didn’t become known until many years later.
--> Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.
3. I didn’t realize how difficult the exercise was until I was half way through it.
--> Not until I was half way through the exercise did I realize how difficult it was.
4. He didn’t realize that he had lost it till he got home
--> Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it.
Note:
Tuy nhiên trường hợp cụm danh từ bắt đầu bằng “No” hoặc “Not” làm chủ ngữ trong câu thì không gọi là đảo ngữ.
 No example of this word is given in this dictionary.
Mặt khác với “Not until + clause” thì đảo ngừ ở vế cau chính chứ không phải lấy ở vế ngau sau “Not until”
c. Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc “Not only.............. but also..............”
Not only + clause (đảo ngữ) + but + S + also + V
 She dances beautifully and she sings sweetly, too.
--> Not only does she dance beautifully but she also sings sweetly.
Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony
d. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ co “No”, “Not” đứng đầu câu.
	Under no circumstances
 	In no circumstances
	On no condition
	On no account
 	At no time 	+ Inversion
 	Nowhere
 	In no way
 	No longer
Example
1. The bus driver can’t be blamed for the accident in any way.
--> In no way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident.
2. The doctor told his patient that he should on no account return to work un til he had made a complete recovery.
--> The doctor told his patient that on no account should he return to work until he had made a complete recovery.
3. Remote villages don’t have a regular bus service any longer.
--> No longer do remote villages have a regular bus service
4. The accused never expressed regret for what he’d done.
--> At no time did the accused express regret for what he’d done.
5. This switch must not be touched on any acount
--> On no acount must this switch be touched.
3.1.5.2. Đảo ngữ trong cấu trúc có “Only”
a. 
 	noun phrase
Only 	prepositional phrase + Inversion
	later
(only by, only after, only in this way)
Example
1. You can make yourself heard only by shouting at the top of your voice.
--> Only by shouting at the top of your voice can you make yourself heard.
2. The facts were not all made publicity until later.
--> Only later were the facts all made publicity.
3. He mentioned it to me only yesterday
--> Only yesterday did he mention it to me.
b. 
 	if (clause)
Only 	when (clause) + Inversion
	 	then
Example
1. You will understand what true responsibility is only whe