Cẩm nang ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh

CẨM NANG ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP Name : -----------------------------------------
Structures 
Examples 
1. Mất bao nhiêu thời gian để  : It + Takes / Took + Object +Time+ To Infinitive .
 S + spend / spent + time + V-ing
2.The extra object “It” : S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase + To Infinitive .
 Verbs : think , made , find , feel , believe , consider , prove
3. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích.
 @ Phrases of Purpose : cụm từ
3.1 Ä Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.2 ÄMain clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.3 Ä Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive . à( Khác chủ ngữ ) 
 @ Clauses of Purpose : mệnh đề can / could 
 3.4 ÄMain clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb (bare infinitive). 
 will / would 
4. Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả. 
 4.1 @ Clauses of result : 
* S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb (bare infinitive))
* S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause. 
 4.2 @ Phrases of result : 
* S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive .
* S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . 
 ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 10 ) 
 5. Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước.
 5.1 @Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf ). 
 5.2 @ Present wish : 
 S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive).
 5.3 @ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp).
6. Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ lí do/ sự nhượng bộ
 L Because / although / though  L Because of / In spite of / despite
 6.1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun
 6.2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N
 6.3 S + V (tenses ) +  ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing
 @Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào mệnh đề đầu.
 ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 9 )
7. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu so sánh
 7.1 @ Equal Comparisions : 
 S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun.
 7.2 @ Unequal Comparisions : Short adj / adv + er 
 S + V + + than + noun / pronoun.
 More + long adj / adv
 7.3 @ Superlatives : Short adj / adv + EST
 S + V + the + + ( prepositional phrase )
 Most + long adj / adv 
 7.4 @ Double comparations:L so sánh kép : Càng  càng 
 °The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er + S + V.
 °The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv + S + V.
 8. Reported speech : Câu tường thuật
 8.1 @Commands : 
 (+) : žS + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O
 (_) : žS + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive 
 8.2 @Statements : žS + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) 
 8.3 @Questions : 
 1°Yes / no questions : wanted to know
 žS + asked + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) 
 wondered
 2°Wh_ questions : wanted to know
 žS + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) 
 wondered
Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác định cụ thể žkhông lùi thì .
9. Đổi thì khi viết câu :
 9.1 @ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. žHas/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time.
 žHas/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time.
 9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.
 ž S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.
 ž It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).
 ž The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago.
 9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before. 
 žThis is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O.
 9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before.
 žThis is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N.
 žThis / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) .
 the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) .
10. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” :
 10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với
 10.2 @Be used to + V (bare inf) / Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để
 10.3 @Used to + V (bare inf) : Đã từng
 10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được sử dụng hết
 10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để 
11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ.
Khi các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer  ) được đặt ở đầu câu. žPhải đảo ngữ trợ từ.
12. Subject and Verb agreement : Hòa hợp chủ ngữ & động từ
 12.1 R Singular subjects † Singular verbs : chủ ngữ số ít † đ.từ số ít
 R Plural subjects † Plural verbs : chủ ngữ số nhiều † đ.từ số nhiều
 12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít : 
 J Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật ( measles ,mumps ,rickets) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics , politics , statistics ,linguistics , athletics ) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the Philippines, Wales , the United Nations , the United States, Brussels ) ,tựa đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V-ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each / every / no / one 
 žĐộng từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does not , V s/es. 
 12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều : 
 J Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) : clothes-trousers-
jeans , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor ) , People / police / poultry / cattle / team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience  , Both / many / several / few / some / a large number - a mount of 
 žĐộng từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have , do not , V (inf.)
 12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối : 
 J Either or
 Neither + S1 + nor + S2 ŠV depends on S2 
 Not only but also 
 J S1 + with / together with + S2 ŠV depends on S1 
 as well as / along with
 J S1 + in / on / of + S2 ŠV depends on S1 
 J A number of + Noun Š Plural verb 
 The number of + Noun Š Singular verb 
 J There + be + Noun Š Be phụ thuộc vào Noun 
 J All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Plural noun 
 Š Plural verb 
 All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Singular noun 
 Š Singular verb 
13. Active and passive voice : Câu bị động
Tenses
 Active D
Passive
1. Simple present 
2. Simple past
° S + V(s/es) + O
° S + V(2 / ed) + O
° S + am / is / are + V(pp)
° S + was / were + V(pp)
3. Present continuous
4. Past continuous
° S + AM / IS / ARE + V-ing
° S + WAS / WERE + V-ing
° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V(pp)
° S+Was/Were + Being +V(pp)
5. Present/past perfect
° S + HAS / HAVE + V(pp)
 HAD
° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V(pp)
 Had
6. Modal verbs
° S + MODAL + V (bare inf)
° S + MODAL + Be +V (pp)
Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to 
 13.1 Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody
Khi đổi sang câu bị động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody.thì bỏ đi.
 13.2 Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything  khi đổi sang câu bị động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing  và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể .
 13.3 Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
 13.4 By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bị động . 
 13.5 Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó .
 13.6 J Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) :
 Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ).
 S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ).
 Passive : Ê S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người).
14. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ
 14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject ) Ì WHO + Verb
 14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object ) Ì WHOM + S + Verb
 him,her,them,you,us,me
 14.3 @ WHOSE : used to show possession Ì WHOSE + Noun 
 his,her,their,your,our,my
 14.4 @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object ) Ì WHICH + ( S ) + Verb 
 14.5 @ WHERE : used to modify a place Ì At / In / On + WHICH , there
 14.6 @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time Ì At / In / On + WHICH , then
 14.7 @ WHY : used to introduce a reason Ì The reason , for the reason 
Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them , Any of them 
 Ä Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of  + which / whom
 2. Chỉ sử dụng WHOM or WHICH sau các giới từ.
 3. Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.(có dấu phẩy )
15. Conditional clauses : If clauses Main clauses 
 Œ Real condition : Có thật
 S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare inf)
  Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại
 S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf)
 Didn’t + V(bare inf)
 Ž Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khứ 
 S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V(3/ed) 
Notes : 1.J Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V3/ed) , ta có thể đảo 
 ngữ và bỏ “IF”.
 2. J Unless = If  not : If clauses ž Unless
 Thể phủ định ž khẳng định ( mệnh đề chính không đổi )
 Thể khẳng định ž khẳng định (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang ngược thể ) 
 3. J V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause ž If + Clause ( phủ định ) , Clause
 Clause + by + V-ing ž If + Clause ( khẳng định ) , Clause
 Without + N / N phrase ,Clause ž If there be not + N / N phrase ,Clause
16. Phrasal Verbs : Cụm động từ
- apply to sb for sth: nộp đđơn đđến. . . xin. . .
- ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai về - take after: resemble: trông giống như
- call back: gọi lại - call up : goi dien
- catch up ( with) :đđuổi kịp, bắt kịp - come up : xay ra, phat sinh
- cool off: nguội lạnh đđi, giảm đđi ( nhiệt tình)
- discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận về
- drop in: ghe tham - explain sth to sb: giải thích
- fall behind: bị tụt đđằng sau - fill in : đđiền vào ( mẫu đđơn)
- fill up: do day - find out: discover information
- get along (with): have a good relation ship with
- get in / on : enter a car/ taxi. . .buoc len - get over : recover : bình phục
- get off: leave a bus/ train. . . buoc xuong - listen to sb/ sth: lắng nghe 
- get through (with): ket thuc - get up: thức dậy
- give back: tra lai - give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua
- lie down: nằm xuống( đđể nghỉ ngơi) - leave out : omit 
- look after = take care of = to care for : chăm sóc, trông nom
- look out (for): be careful - look sth up: tra cứu
- make up : invent a story:bịa ra - make up of : chiem, tao thanh
- make use of : su dung - pay back: tra lai
- pick up : nhat, don - point at/ to sb/ sth: chỉ
- put away: dat cho khac - put back: dat tro lai
17. Verb + Noun phrase + Preposition : 
E Catch sight of : 
E Lose sight of : 
E Make fun of : 
E Make use of : 
E Set fire to : 
E Take account of : 
E Take care of : .
E Take notice of : ..
E Take advantage of : 
E Take note of : ..
18. Prepositions following adjectives : Các giới từ theo sau tính từ
 J With At : clever , present , quick , skilful.  + AT
 J With With : acquainted , crowded , friendly , popular. +WITH
 J With In : interested , rich , successful + IN
 J With From : absent , different , safe + FROM
19. Two – word verbs with “GO” :
ª Go over : look at sth carefully , inspect sth.
ª Go out : stop burning , be extinguished.
ª Go on :  take place,happen. ‚ continue without changing.
 ƒ continue speaking,after a short pause.
ª Go off : be fired , explode.
ª Go by : ( of time ) pass.
ª Go back : return.
ª Go away : leave a place.
ª Go along : progress,develop.
ª Go ahead :  be carried out , take place. ‚ begin to do sth without hesitation. 
ª Go after : chase or pursue somebody.
ª Go up : (of prices) become higher. 
ª Go down : (of prices) become lower.
20. Prepositions : In , At , On
 u In is used with : years,centuries,parts of the day,decades,seasons,months.
 v At is used with : times,holidays,weekends.
 w On is used with : dates,days of the week,special days.
 x No preposition is used with : Expressions with Ago , Tonight , This morning  , tomorrow , tomorrow morning  , yesterday , yesterday morning  , last  , next  .
21. Since & For :  Since + a point in time. [ mốc thời gian ]
 ‚ For + a period of time. [ khoảng thời gian ]
22. Pronunciation :
 22.1 C “-ED”:
 a,When the verbs ends in /t / or /d / sounds,we pronounce the final syllable as:“id” 
 Eg: needed , wanted , decided , posted , added , waited , included , provided 
 b, After / s , S , tS , k , p , f, x / sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“t” 
 Eg: stopped,cooked, missed , laughed , pushed , wacthed , packed , washed , boxed
 c, Another sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“d” 
 Eg: pulled , happened , married , smiled , opened 
Exercises : 
Ø worked Ø combed Ø described Ø arranged
Ø educated Ø smiled Ø reached Ø printed
Ø bathed Ø naked Ø showed Ø thanked
Ø included Ø boxed Ø provided Ø camped 
 23. TO INFINITIVE – GERUND – & BARE INFINITIVE
Verbs followed by To-infinitive: Theo sau bởi động từ To - infinitive
 Ð ‚Verbs followed by A (pro) noun + an infinitive: Ð
1. Would Like : thích
2. Be Able : có thể làm
3. Be Willing : sẵn lòng
4. Be going to : sẽ
5. Desire : ao ước
6. Hope : hi vọng
7. Decide : quyết định
8. Want : muốn
9. Intend : có ý định
10. Expect : mong chờ
11. Promise : hứa
12. Command : ra lệnh/yêu cầu
13. Instruct : chỉ dẫn
14. Order : ra lệnh
15. Remind : nhắc nhở 
16. Manage : cố gắng xoay sở
17. Refuse : từ chối 
18. Believe : tin tưởng 
19. Agree : đồng ý 
20. Arrange : sắp xếp
21. Invite : mời 	
22. Offer : đề nghị
23. Demand : đòi hỏi/yêu cầu
24. Deserve : xứng đáng 
25. Seem : dường như 
26. Mean : muốn / có ý 
27. Pretend : dặn dò/giả vờ 
28. Ask	 : yêu cầu/hỏi
29. Beg	 : cầu xin
30. Appear : xuất hiện F
 Verb + noun / pronoun + to infinitive
1.Advise àShe advise me to wait until tomorrow
2.Allow àHe allowed me to use his car
3. Ask àI asked John to help us
4. Forbid àI forbid you to tell him
5. Permit àHe permitted the chilren to stay up late
6. Remind àShe reminded me to lock the door
7. Teach àMy brother taught me to swim
8. Warn àI warned you to be happy 
9. Encourage àHe encouraged me to try again
10. Invite àHarry invited the Johnsons to come to his party
11. Require àOur teacher requires us to be on time 
12. Expect àI expect you to be on time 
@Chú ý:
Nếu sau động từ không có Object thì dùng: V-ing
 à They allowed smoking here .
F 31. Threaten : đe dọa
 32. Volunteer : tình nguyện
 34. Hesitate : do dự / ngần ngại
 33. Wish : ao ước
 35. Encourage : khuyến khích 
 36. Warn : cảnh báo/báo trước
 37. Need : cần
 38. Attempt : cố gắng 
 39. Prepare : chuẩn bị
 40. Sau các tính từ
„ Verbs followed by Bare - Infinitive: Theo sau bởi động từ nguyên mẫu 
1. Sau các động từ giác quan : 
 See - Hear - Smell - Feel - Taste - Watch - Notice - Touch  
2. Sau các động từ : 
 Would please , would rather , had better ,Let ,Help, Make , Observe , 
3. Sau các động từ khiếm khuyết : 
 Can / could / may / might / must / have to / ought to / .
4. Would rather + S + V2/ed , 
24. The sequence of tenses : Phối hợp thì
1. Present simple tense
2. Simple future tense 
3. past simple
4. past continuous/perfect
5. Present simple /continuous 
6. past simple/continuous
7. Past simple tense
8. Past perfect tense
9. Present perfect tense
10. Past perfect tense
WHEN / UNTIL
WHEN / AS
WHILE
WHILE
AFTER
UNTIL
SINCE
BEFORE
- present simple tense
- present perfect tense
- past simple tense
- present continuous tense 
- past continuous tense
- past perfect tense
- past simple tense
- past simple tense
Past simple tense
EXERCISE : Complete the sentences with suitable tense.
As soon as the visitors (leave) , Mum made us tidy up the house.
After we (complete) .. the test, the teacher gave us some English magazines to read.
The druggist (leave, already)  for home when we got to the store yesterday.
Mr. Carlson (talk) ..to another man when I saw him this morning.
We (wait) for you right here when you return at 5: 30 p.m. tomorrow.
He said he (not, meet) Mary when he (come)  there last week.
By the time I (arrive) ., the football match (already, start) .
I’ll give him this parcel when he (come) back here next week.
I’ll wait for her until she (finish) .the exam.
Mrs Brown cut her finger while she (slice) .the bread.
After I (ask) her twice, she finally (tell)  me her name.
I (ask)  the teacher a question after the class has been over.
What you (learn) .. since you (come) .here ?
Sam (already, leave) .. when we get back.
Gary will come soon. I (wait)  here until he (come) .
When I (arrive) at his house last night, he still (sleep) .
As we (cross) the street, the policeman (shout) at us.
After they (go) , we (sit) down and (rest) ..
When I asked her, she (say) that she (already, see)  Dr. Rice.
 20. The light (go)  out while we (have ) dinner.
26 . The order of Adjectives : Trật tự tính từ
€ Determiner + Opinion +‚Size + ƒQuality + „Age +…Shape + †Colour + ‡Origin + ˆMaterial + ‰Purpose + ŠNoun
Examples : 
€ Determiner : a/an/the/some/any/many/my/his .../this/that/these/those
 Opinion : nice / wonder / excerllent / lovely / terrible / awful 
‚ Size : large / small / long / short / tall 
ƒ Quality : clear / busy / famous / important 
„ Age : old / new / young
… Shape : round/square/fat/thin/wide/narrow
† Colours : red / white / blue / green / black 
‡ Origin : British / Italian / Chinese / Japanese 
ˆ Material : brick / paper / plastic / wooden / silver / golden
‰ Purpose : alarm (clock) / tennis (court) / walking (boots) ...
Exercises : 1. She is holding ( handbag / shiny / small / a / black ).
 2. He has got ( tea / a / Japanese / cup / white / large / antique ).
 3. Jack has just bought ( racket / tennis / expensive / a ).
 4. ( Car / this / red / luxurious / Rolls-Royce ) is my father’s.
 5. ( Desk / small / that / Chinese / writing ) is mine.
27. How + Adj / Adv ? 
 27.1 @ Age : How old are you ?
 27.2 @ Height : How tall / high is he ?
 27.3 @ Distance : How far is it from your home to school ?
 27.4 @ Length : How long is this river ?
 27.5 @ Speed : How fast can you jog ?
 27.6 @ Width : How wide is your room ?
 27.7 @ Depth : How deep is this pool ?
 27.8 @ Weight : How heavy are those bags ?
 How much do you weigh ?
 27.9 @ Frequency : How often do you visit your parents ?
 Time: How long will you stay here ? 
 27.10 @ Quantity : How much is that shoes ?
 How many students are there in your class ? 
Exercises : 
1. They’ve stayed in Hanoi for 5 months. F How ?
2. His house is 250 square meters in width. F How ?
3. My sister receives 4 letters once a week. F How ?
4 .He spent 15 minutes cleaning his bicycle yesterday. F How  ?
5. A dozen of eggs costs 2 pounds. F How ?
6. My father is over 60 years old now. F How  ?
29. Tag – questions: Câu hỏi đuôi
 Câu hỏi đuôi là câu hỏi được thêm vào ở cuối câu.
*QUI TẮC HÌNH THÀNH CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI:
Ta thêm dấu phẩy vào cuối câu thay cho dấu chấm câu cũ.
Đảo ngữ của vế đầu ra phía sau
Vế trước không "NOT" thì vế sau có "NOT" và ngược lại
Từ "NOT" bắt buộc phải viết ở dạng rút gọn
Chủ ngữ phía trước là danh từ hay cụm từ khi đảo ngữõ ra phía sau phải được rút gọn thành ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG tương ứng.
Ví dụ: