To-infinitives/Bare infinitives/Gerunds (Động từ nguyên mẫu có “to”, nguyên mẫu không “to”, danh động từ)

TO-INFINITIVES / BARE INFINITIVES / GERUNDS
(Động từ nguyên mẫu có “to”, nguyên mẫu không “to”, danh động từ)
1. To-infinitive / Infinitive with to
* Động từ nguyên mẫu có to được dùng làm:
- Chủ ngữ của câu: To become a famous singer is her dream.
- Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ: What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.
- Tân ngữ của động từ It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
- Tân ngữ của tính từ I’m pleased to see you.
* V + to-inf
- hope: hy vọng	 - offer: đề nghị 	- expect: mong đợi
- plan: lên kế họach	- refuse: từ chối	- want: muốn
- promise: hứa	- pretend: giả vờ	- fail: thất bại, hỏng
- attempt: cố gắng, nỗ lực	- tend: có khuynh hướng	- threaten: đe dọa
- intend: định	- seem: dường như	- decide: quyết định
- manage: xoay sở, cố gắng	- agree: đồng ý	- ask: yêu cầu
- afford: đáp ứng	- arrange: sắp xếp	- tell: bảo
- appear: hình như	- learn: học/ học cách	- invite: mời
- would like	- offer: cho, tặng, đề nghị
* Trong các cấu trúc:
 + It takes / took + O + thời gian + to-inf 
 + chỉ mục đích
 + bổ ngữ cho danh từ hoặc đại từ: S + V + Noun / pronoun + to-inf 
 I have some letters to write.
 Is there anything to eat?
 + It + be + adj + to-inf: thật  để ..
Ex: It is interesting to study English
 + S + be + adj + to-inf
Ex: I’m happy to receive your latter.
 + S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf
 + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf
 + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf
Ex: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary.
- Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how, (nhưng thường không dùng sau why)
Ex: I don’t know what to say.
* Note:
- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to-inf She allowed me to use her pen.
- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing She didn’t allow smoking in her room
II. Bare infinitive / Infinitive without to
* V + O + bare inf 
let	- make	- had better	- would rather
 Note be + made + to-inf
help + V1 / to-inf
help + O + V1 / to-inf
help + O + with + N
Ex: My brother helped me do my homework.
 My brother helped me to do my homework.
 My brother helped me with my homework.
* Động từ chỉ giác quan 
- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V1 (chỉ sự hoàn tất của hành động – nghe hoặc thấy toàn bộ sự việc diễn ra)
Ex: I saw her get off the bus.
- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V-ing (chỉ sự việc đang diễn ra)
Ex: I smell something burning in the kitchen.
III. GERUND (V-ing)
* Danh động từ có thể được dùng làm:
- Chủ từ của câu: Swimming is my favourite sport.
- Bổ ngữ của động từ: My hobby is collecting stamps.
- Tân ngữ của động từ: I enjoy traveling. 
* V + V-ing 
	- mention: đề cập đến	- quit: từ bỏ	- risk: có nguy cơ
- fancy: thích	- deny: phủ nhận	- involve: liên quan
- detest: ghét	- encourage: khích lệ	- consider: xem xét
- imagine: tưởng tượng	- miss: bỏ lỡ	- It is no use: không có ích
- It is no good: không tốt	- postpone: hoãn lại	- suggest: đề nghị
- practice: luyện tập	- finish	- admit: thừa nhận
- avoid: tránh	- mind: ngại	- delay: hoãn	
- hate: ghét	 
waste / spend: lãng phí, bỏ ra (thời gian, tiền bạc)
have difficulty / trouble: gặp khó khăn/trở ngại
can’t help: không thể không 
can’t stand / can’t bear: không chịu đựng nỗi
feel like: cảm thấy thích
look forward to: mong chờ, mong đợi
It is (not) worth: đáng / không đáng
keep / keep on: tiếp tục
be busy	
be used to / get used to
* Sau các liên từ: after, before, when, while, since,
Ex: After finishing his homework, he went to bed. 
* Sau các giới từ: on, in, at, with, about, from, to, without, .
Ex: My sister is interested in listening to pop music.
IV. INFINITIVE OR GERUND (To-inf / V-ing)
1. Không thay đổi nghĩa:
- begin / start / continue/ like / love + To-inf / V-ing
Ex: It started to rain / raining.
2. Thay đổi nghĩa:
+ remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc đã xảy ra rồi (trong quá khứ)
+ remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc chưa, sắp xảy ra (trong tương lai)
Ex: Don’t forget to turn off the light when you go to bed.
 I remember meeting you some where but I can’t know your name.
 Remember to send her some flowers because today is her birthday.
+ stop + V-ing: dừng hẳn việc gì
+ stop + to-inf: dừng .. để 
Ex: He stopped smoking because it is harmful for his health.
 On the way home, I stopped at the post office to buy a newspaper.
+ try + V-ing: thử
+ try + to-inf: cố gắng
+ need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cần được (bị động)
+ need + to-inf: cần (chủ động)
Ex: I need to wash my car.
 My car is very dirty. It needs washing / to be washed.
 + Cấu trúc nhờ vả:
S + have + O người + V1 + O vật ...
S + have + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người) ...
S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật
S + get + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người)
­ Exercise: Choose the best answer:
Many young people are fond of -------------- football and other kinds of sports.
A. play	B. to play	C. playing	D. played
They couldn’t help -------------- when they heard the little boy singing a love song.
A. laughing	B. to laugh	C. laugh	D. laughed
Your house needs -------------- .
A. redecorated	B. redecorating	C. being redecorated	D. to redecorate
I remember -------------- them to play in my garden.
A. to allow	B. allow	C. allowing	D. allowed
It was a nasty memory. Do you remember both of us wearing sunglasses to avoid -------------- by the supervisors?
A. to recognize 	B. to be recognized	C. recognizing	D. being recognized
I can’t bear thinking back of that time. I’d rather -------------- equally.
A. treat	B. be treated	C. have treated	D. treating
Did you accuse Nam of -------------- a plate? Well, I saw him -------------- it off the table with his elbow.
A. break/ knock B. breaking/ knocking C. to break/ to knock D. breaking/ knock
We found it very difficult -------------- with Gamma.
A. to work	B. work	C. working	D. worked
I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me -------------- sick.
A. feel	B. to feel	C. felt	D. feeling
I need -------------- what’s in the letter. Why don’t you let me -------------- it?
A. to know/ to read	B. know/ read	C. to know/ read D. knowing/ read
I suggest -------------- some more mathematical puzzles. 
A. do	B. to do	C. doing	D. done
We regret -------------- you that we cannot approve your suggestion.
A. inform	B. to inform	C. informing	D. informed
 The driver stopped -------------- a coffee because he felt sleepy.
A. have	B. to have	C. having	D. had
Have you ever considered -------------- a pharmacist?
A. become	B. becoming	C. to become	D. became
You had better -------------- at home until you feel better.	 
A. staying	B. stayed	C. to stay	D. stay
I remember -------------- my mother said the grass in the garden needed --------------.
A. to hear/cutting	 B. hear/cut C. heard/to cut D. hearing/ cutting
Peter sometimes help his sister --------------.
A. do homework 	B. to do homework 	C. with homework	D. all are correct
 I would rather -------------- at home than --------------out with you. 
A. staying/going 	B. to stay/ to go 	C. stay/go	D. stayed/went
I would rather you --------------.
A. drive	B. to drive	C. drove	D. driven
She didn’t say a word and left the room.
A. She left the room without saying a word	B. She leaving the room without saying a word	
C. She left the room saying a word	D. She left the room to say a word.
My father wanted me -------------- a pilot.	
A. become	B. to become	C. becoming	D. became
Please wait a minute. My boss is busy -------------- something.
A. write	B. writing	C. to write	D. to writing
My teacher doesn’t allow us -------------- while he is explaining the lesson.
A. talk	B. to talk	C. talking	D. talked
We have plenty of time. We needn’t -------------- 
A. hurry	B. to hurry	C. hurrying	D. hurried
I promised -------------- on time. I mustn’t -------------- late.
A. be/be	B. to be/to be	C. to be/ be	D. be/to be
Mary and I are looking forward -------------- you.
A. of seeing	B. for seeing	C. to seeing	D. to see
I’m sure that he knows -------------- this new machine.
A. to use	B. using	C. how using	D. how to use
Psychiatrists and doctors have failed -------------- people not to drink. 
A. to tell	B. telling	C. tell	D. told
The students are used to -------------- in the school library. 
A. working	B. work	C. to work 	D. worked
Our room needs -------------- up.	
A. tidied	B. to tide	C. tidy	D. tidying
Mercury’s low gravity makes you -------------- very light in a spaceship.
A. feel	B. feeling	C. to feel	D. felt
“ Was the test long?”. “ Yes, John was the only one -------------- it”
A. to finish	B. finishing	C. finished	D. finish
A lots of needs -------------- to the house before anyone can move in.
A. be done	B. doing	C. to do	D. done
It is about time you -------------- harder for the next exam.
A. worked	B. working	C. work	D. to work
If he really doesn’t feel like ------------ now, I suggested that he should go out for some fresh air.
A. work	B. to work	C. worked	D. working
TENSES (Thì)
1. Hiện tại đơn (Simple present) 
 S + V1/(s/es)
 S + don’t / doesn’t + V1
 Wh- + do / does + S + V1?
	- Dùng để chỉ các hành động thói quen, mang tính chất lặp đi lặp lại.
	Ex: She usually gets up at 6 A.m.
	- Dùng để chỉ các sự kiện và sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý.
	Ex:Water freezes at 0 degree centigrade.
 - hành động trong tương lai được đưa vào chương trình, kế hoạch.
Ex: The new school year begins on September 5th. 
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
	 every____ (every day, every week, every night,..)
	 often, sometimes, usually, always, frequently, as a rule
	 twice a week, once a week.
2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present progressive)
 S + am / is / are + V-ing
 S + am / is are + not + V-ing
 Wh- + am / is / are + S + V-ing?
	- Dùng để chỉ một hành động đang diễn ra trong lúc nói.
	Ex: Listen! The bird is singing.
	 I am studying now.
	- Một hành động dự kiến trong tương lai gần đã được sắp xếp xong.
	Ex: They are playing tennis next week.
	- Với chữ always đế diễn tả một hành động thường lặp lại thường xuyên, hay một lời phàn nàn
	Ex: He is always taking exams. He is always studying. 
 - Hai hành động xảy ra song song ở hiện tại
Ex: She is cooking dinner while her husband is watching T.V now.
 - Hành dộng có tính chất tạm thời
Ex: I often go to work by bus but today I am going by motorbike.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
	- Câu bắt đầu bằng một mệnh lệnh như: Listen!, Look!, Pay attention!, Keep silent! Be quiet!....
	hoặc các cụm từ: now, right now, at the moment, at the present, today, while, next(chỉ một dự định)
3. Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present perfect): 	
S + have / has + V3/-ed
S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3/-ed
Wh- + have / has + S + V3/-ed? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không có thời gian xác định.
	Ex: I haven’t met him before.
	- Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra, hay vừa mới hoàn tất.
	Ex: She has just gone out.
	- Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục trong tương lai.
	Ex: My father has worked in this company for 10 years.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 	 
 never, ever, since, for, recently, lately, just, already, so far, up to now, up to the present, until now, before (trước đây), yet, (dùng trong câu phủ định và câu hỏi), many times, several times, how long, this is the first time / the second time, four times , five times
4. Quá khứ đơn (Simple Past) 
S + V2/-ed
 S + didn’t + V1
 Wh- + did + S + V1?
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đã xảy ra và đã hoàn tất ở thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: We bought this car two years ago.
	- Một thói quen trong quá khứ.
	Ex: When I was young, I often went swimming with my friends in this river.	
 - Một chuỗi hành động trong quá khứ
Ex: I entered the room, turned on the light, went to the kitchen and had dinner.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
 	yesterday ________ ( yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon,.)
	last _______ ( last year, last night, last week, last month.)
	_______ ago ( two years ago, many months ago, ten minutes ago.)
	 in + year in the past ( một năm nào đó trong quá khứ: in 1999, in 2001)
5. Quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past continuous): 	 
S + was / were + V-ing
 S + was / were + not + V-ing
 Wh- + was / were + S + V-ing?
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: What were you doing at 7 pm yesterday?
	- Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì một hành động khác xảy ra cắt ngang.
	Ex: Mai was watching TV when I came home.
	When they were having dinner, she entered their room.
	- Hai hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ.
	Ex:While her mother was cooking dinner, her father was reading books.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
	At + giờ + thời gian trong quá khứ
	At this/ that time + thời gian trong quá khứ
	Khi hai mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng chữ when hoặc while
 Hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ: hành động ngắn dùng quá khứ đơn; hành động dài dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn.
6. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect) 
S + had + V3/-ed
S + hadn’t + V3/-ed
Wh- + had + S + V3/-ed? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ.
	Ex: He had left the house before she came.
	- Một hành động xảy ra trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: We had had lunch by two o’clock yesterday.
	By the age of 25, he had written two famous novels.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: before, after, when, by the time, as soon as, as., by + thời gian trong quá khứ
7. Tương lai đơn (Simple future): 	
S + will / shall + V1
S + won’t / shan’t + V1
Wh- + will + S + V1? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động có thể, hay có lẽ xảy ra trong tương lai.
	Ex: - They will come here next week.
	 - The football match will be over at 7 o’clock.
	- Một lời đề nghị hay một yêu cầu (ở thể nghi vấn)
	Ex: Will you go to the cinema with me?
 - Một quyết định đưa ra vào thời điểm nói
Ex: The bag is very heavy. – I’ll help you.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
	next ( next week, next month, ..), someday, tomorrow, soon, in + năm trong tương laiat + thời giờ trong tương lai
* Chú ý: Để diễn tả một hành động có dụ định hay một dự đoán trong tương lai, ta có thể dùng BE GOING TO + V1: 
 S + am / is / are + going to + V1
	Ex: 	- Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
	- Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
8. Tương lai hoàn thành (Future perfect): 	
S + will have + V3/-ed
S + won’t have + V3/-ed
Wh- + will + S + have + V3/-ed? 
* Cách dùng: 
- Một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trước một thời điểm ở tương lai hay một hành động khác ở tương lai.
	Ex: By lunch time, I will have typed five letters.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
 by + mốc thời gian, by the time, by then
­ Exercise: Choose the best answer:
I -------------- this film twice. 
 A. see	B. saw	C. will see	D. have seen
After -------------- her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions. 
A. she finishes	B. finished	C. finishing D. she will finish
His father -------------- of cancer last year. 
 A. will die	B. has died	C. died D. had died
The train -------------- when we got to the station. 
A. just left 	B. just leaves	C. has just left D. had just left
As soon as Martina saw the fire, she -------------- the fire department.
A. was telephoning 	B. telephoned 	C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
Before Jennifer won the lottery, she -------------- any kind of contest.
A. hasn’t entered 	B. doesn’t enter 	C. wasn’t entering D. hadn’t entered
Every time Parkas sees a movie made in India, he -------------- homesick.
A. will have left 	B. felt 	C. feels D. is feeling
Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I -------------- to visit friends and family several times.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned
Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Mathew -------------- on the company annual report.
A. was working 	B. had been working 	C. has worked D. works
When my parents -------------- for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
A. will arrive 	B. arrived 	C. arrive D. will have arrived
The last time I -------------- in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A. had been 	B. was 	C. am D. will have been
After the race --------------, the celebration began
A. had been won 	B. is won 	C. will be won D. has been won
Andy -------------- out of the restaurant when he -------------- Jenny
A. came/saw B. is coming /saw C. came/was seeing D. was coming/had seen
While he was washing his car, Mr. Brown -------------- a small dint in the rear fender.
A. has discovered 	B. was discovering 	C. is discovering D. discovered
Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this --------------.
A. has happened 	B. happens 	C. happened D. had happened
At this time tomorrow, we -------------- our final exam. 
A. will have taking	B. will be taken	C. would take D. will be taking
The baby --------------. Don’t make so much noise. 	
A. sleep 	B. sleeps	C. is sleeping D. slept
Peter said he -------------- a test the following day. 
A. had had	B. will have	C. has had D. would have
It is not so hot today as it -------------- yesterday. 
A. is 	B. was	C. would be D. had been
-------------- a party next Saturday. We have sent out the invitation. 
A. we had 	B. we have 	C. we’ll have D. we have had
I’m very tired -------------- over four hundred miles to day.
A. I drive 	B. I’ve driven 	C. I’m driving D. I’ve been driving
I’m busy at the moment . -------------- on the computer.
A. I work 	B. I’m worked 	C. I’m working D. I worked
Our friends -------------- meet us at the airport tonight. 
A. are 	B. are going to 	C. go to D. will be to
I will tell Anna all the news when -------------- her
A. I’ll see 	B. I’m going to see 	C. I see D. I’m seeing
Don’t worry, I -------------- here to help you
A. be 	B. will be 	C. am going to be D. won’t be
When I entered the room, everyone --------------.
A. has been dancing 	B. was dancing 	C. had danced 	D. danced
Before the invention of the steamboat there -------------- no way to cross the ocean.
A. has been 	B. could have been 	C. had been 	D. would be
He said that he -------------- his homework since 7 o’clock.
A. had done	B. did	C. has done	D. was doing
Tom said everything -------------- ready when the match --------------. 
A. will be/starts B. would be/started C. is/started D. will be/started
How long -------------- able to drive? - Since 1990.
A. could you 	B. have you been 	C. were you 	D. are you
She won't get married until she -------------- 25 years old.
A. is 	B. will be 	C. had been 	D. was.
Look. The yard is wet. It -------------- last night.
A. must rain B. couldn’t have rained C. must have rained D. should have rained
After Mary -------------- her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
A. will finish	B. is finishing	C. finishes D. will have finished
When he -------------- all the letters, he took them to the post office.
A. has written	B. had written	C. wrote D. had been writing
By the end of this month, I -------------- English for 6 years. 
A. have learnt	B. will have learnt	C. had learnt	D. learnt
We -------------- in touch with each other for years. 
A. will not keep	B. are not keeping	C. did not keep	D. have not kept
She has learnt French -------------- the age of five. 
A. since	B. for	C. before	D. in
Tom -------------- before we arrived there. 	
A. has left	B. had left	C. will leave	D. leaves
Up to now, I -------------- a lot of information about her. 
A. learnt	B. have learnt	C. will learn	D. would learn
Wait here until I -------------- you. 	
A. am going to call	B. will call	C. am calling	D. call
When I came to visit her, she -------------- a bath. 	
A. was having 	B. has	C. is having	D. had
REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật)
Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp