Tài liệu ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh

B. PHẦN ễN TẬP CỤ THỂ
PART ONE : PHONETICS
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1. The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels).
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - ổ/, / o - o:/, / L - a: /, / u - u:/, / ∂ - з/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - u /, / i∂ - e∂ - u∂/
 Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
 Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea, seen, sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased 
Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / L /:
 Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, farm
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
 Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, food, cool
Ex 4: Classify / ổ / and / e /:
 Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
 Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, caught, bought
Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ∂/:
 Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister, brother
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / ∂u /:
 Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone
Ex 8: Classify / i∂ /, / e∂ /, / u∂ /:
 Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
 / ai /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,
 / ∂u /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,
 / au /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,
 / ei /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,
 / oi /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,
2. The consonants sounds:
 There are 24 consonants in English, which are divided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are shown below:
2.1. Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / q /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, / h /. 
2.2. Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / d /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, / l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /.
Practical Exercises
Ex 9: Classify / d / and / q /:
 Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing, clothes, threaten, although
Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:
 She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink, scream, settle, surely
Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:
 Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch, chemistry, school, scholar
Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :
 See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays, eyes
3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j / 
 Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak,
3.2. / p / + / l, r, j /:
 Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:
 Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
 Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,
3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:
 Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,.
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:
 Glass, glance, grass, grow,
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:
 Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke, 
 3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:
 Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,
 3.9. / q / + / r, w /:
 Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,
 3.10. / v / + / j /: 
 View, viewer,
 3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
 Shrink, shriek,
 3.12. / m / + / j /:
 Music, mule,
 3.13. / n / + / j /:
 New, nude,
 3.14. / spr /: spread, spray,  
 3.15. / str /: strand, stray, string,
 3.16. / skr /: scratch
 3.17. / spj /: spure, spurious, 
 3.18. / spl /: splendid, split,
 3.19. / stj /: stupid, student,
 3.20. / skj /: skew, skewer,
 3.21. / skw /: square, squash,
4. The homonyms:
air
be
ceiling
choose
course
doe
ere
bee
sealing
chews
coarse
dough
heir
choose
aisle
beach
cell
site
days
fair
isle
beech
sell
cite
daze
fare
I’ll
sight
eight
bean
cheep
cord
dear
feat
ate
been
cheap
chord
deer
feet
aye
beat
check
cote
die
flower
I
beet
cheque
coat
dye
flour
eye
for
four
fort
fought
gneiss
niece
great
grate
hair
hare
hear
here
hire
high
hole
whole
horse
hoarse
lock
loch
law
lore
made
maid
male
mail
meat
meet
mete
mite
might
nap
knap
naught
nought
night
knight
no
know
not
knot
or
oar
ore
one
won
pale
pail
pear
pair
pare
peal
peel
peer
pier
plane
plain
key
quay
reigh
rein
rain
raze
rays
raise
rows
rose
rowed
road
rode
write
right
wright
sauce
source
see
sea
sent
scent
cent
show
chew
Sole
soul
sew
sow
so
some
sum
Son
sun
sought
sort
stare
stair
sweet
suit
tail
tale
threw
through
tied
tide
too
two
warn
worn
way
weigh
week
weak
would
wood
yoke
yolk
your
yore
wore
war
PART TWO
STRESS
The aims:
To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly.
To emphasize the important of stresses.
To show the rules to mark stresses.
To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.
B.Teaching procedure:
I. Definition:
 Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.
II. Degree:
In phrases or sentences:
Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.
Secondary stress: (L) The second loudest stress.
Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.
Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.
In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.
III. The marking rules for word- stress:
For disyllables words:
Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,
Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist, 
 (But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
 1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,
For words with more than 2 syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory,
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar, (Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,
Others rules:
3.1. Words having more than one function:
Noun 
Verb
Noun
Verb
rebel
rebel
conflict
conflict
progress
progress
permit
permit
suspect
suspect
conduct
conduct
record
record
export
export
3.2. Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong sound, or end in more than one consonant : affect, obtain, 
IV. Rules for phrase-stress:
1. Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,..
 But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock, cotton-flower,
2. Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,
3. Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,...
4. Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a sleeping child,
5. Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing machine,
 6. Qualifier-adjective: (L /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,
7. Verb- adverb: (L /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, .
8. Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand over, go over,.
9. Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ L /) put on the coat, turn on the light,
10. Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ L /) put the coat on, turn the light on,
11. Verb-preposition: ( / L)look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,
PART THREE : VOCABULARY
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Nouns (n):
Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements
Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
Plural forms:
Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a table
tables
an apple
apples
a student
students
an umbrella
umbrellas
a house
houses
an egg
eggs
a cat
cats
an eel
eels
a dog
dogs
an orange
oranges
Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ 
 sound:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a bus
buses
a class
classes
a dish
dishes
a wish
wishes
a watch
watches
a torch
torches
a potato
potatoes
a tomato
tomatoes
a box
boxes
 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a lorry
lorries
a lady
ladies
a story
stories
Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a wife
wives
a leaf
leaves
a knife
knives
a loaf
loaves
Irregular changes:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a man
men
a woman
women
a child
children
an ox
oxen
a tooth
teeth
a goose
geese
a louse
lice
a mouse
mice
a medium
media
a phenomenium
phenomenia
Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,(either singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb)
Always plural form-nouns: 
clothes
police
breeches
pants
pyjamas
trousers
scissors
pliers (kỡm)
binoculars
glasses
scales
shears (kộo cắt cỏ)
arms
damages
earnings
goods
greens (vegetable)
outskirts
savings
pains (trouble, effort)
spirits
surroundings
stairs
valuables
athletics
ethics
mathematics
physics
politics
Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)
Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls
Uncount-nouns:
 4.1. Substances: 
bread
beer
Cloth
coffee
cream
dust
gin
Glass
gold
ice
jam
oil
paper
tea
sand
soap
stone
water
wine
wood
 4.2. Abstract nouns: 
advice
beauty
courage
death
experience
fear
help
Hope
horror
information
knowledge
mercy
Pity
relief
suspicion
Others: 
baggage
camping
damage
furniture
luggage
parking
shopping
Work
weather
Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history)
a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + (He had a great love for funny stories)
a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)
a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help.
Compound nouns:
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; petrol tank;
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-riding;
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving licence; swimming pool;
5.4. Free combination:
 - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;
 - city street; corner shop; coutry lane; 
 - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; 
 - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;
 - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;
 - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; 
 - football match; beauty contest; pop music;
Suffixes:
6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant,
 employee,
6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/: government, difference, action, capitalism, 
 assistance, marriage,
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/: neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, 
 variety,..
6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour, 
 difficulty,
Adjectives (adj):
Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:
Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. 
Interrogative: which, what, whose.
Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,
Participles:
present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,(for objects)
past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,(for human-beings)
Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
 e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
Functions (Position):
2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,
2.2. Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,
 But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
 Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
 - He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
 - He turned pale (= He became pale)
 - He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)
 - The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
 - They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)
Comparison forms:
 3.1. Positive degree: as + adjs + as
 Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
 - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
 3.2. Comparative degree:
 3.2.1. Mono syllable - adjectives: adjs-ER + than
 Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
 - She was better at English than we were (us)
 3.2.2. Multi syllable - adjectives: more + adjs + than
 Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
 - We are more intelligent than him. 
3.3. Superlative degree:
 3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
 Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
 - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
 3.3.2. Multi syllable - adjectives: the most + adjs
 Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
 - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
clever
Cleverer
the cleverest
pretty
Prettier
the prettiest
happy
Happier
the happiest
silly
Sillier
the silliest
good
Better
the best
bad
Worse
the worst
far
farther/ further
the farthest/ furthest
little
Less
the least
many / much
More
the most
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ eldest
 3.4. Parallel: - “The..the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.
 - And: It’s getting darker and darker.
 She has now more and more free time.
 - Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
 It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
 Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
 You look like a ghost.
 Do as I told you.
3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
 He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
3.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,
Clauses:
That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
 It’s better that someone should tell him.
find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V: 
I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhỳt nhỏt), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,
Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bộn), silly, stupid,
Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous(lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,
 - That’s the amazing idea to show.
 - It was an unreasonable result to accept.
It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),
It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, unsafe,
S + be + adjs + infinitives : 
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/)
 - Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, unwilling.
Special cases:
Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes. 
Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action. 
Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.
Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.
Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thingIt was lucky that we 
 weren’t late.
S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.
Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.
Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.
Suffixes:
able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,
y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous, logical, effective, 
ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,
like/ style/ type/: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,
Nationality:
an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,
ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,
i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,
ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,
ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,
others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,
Verbs (v):
Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
Classification:
Auxiliary verbs:
Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have