Relative clauses & Reduction of relative clauses

RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. RELATIVE CLAUSES 
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ đứng trước
(Antecedent)
Chủ ngữ (Subject)
Tân ngữ
(Object)
Sở hữu cách
(Possesive Case)
Người (person)
Who/That
Whom/That
Whose
Vật (Thing)
Which/That
Which/That
Of which/ whose
1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
 Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
 - The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
 àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
 Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 à I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
 - The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 à The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
 Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 à She works for a company which makes cars.
 - The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
	 - Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
 Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
	He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định
 Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
 - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
 - I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
 - The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
 - She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
 - The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
 Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
 - Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
 Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
 All that is mine is yours.
 - Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
 Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
 - You are the only person that can help us.
 - Trong cấu trúc It + be +  + that  (chính là )
 Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
 (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
 * Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
 - Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
 Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
 - Sau giới từ 
 Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
 Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
 - This is the student. I borrowed his book.
 àThis is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
 Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
 - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
 à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
 Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
 à The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
 - The house is for sale. I was born in it.
 à The house in which I was born is for sale.
 * LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
 Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 à The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
 Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 à Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
 Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.	
 à Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa.
 Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
 à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH xác định.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. 
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
 Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
 à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
 - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
 à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
	 - The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
 à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
	 - The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
 à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students. 
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday. 
à...
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
à...
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
à...
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
à...
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
à...
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.
à...
7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher. 
à...
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
à...
9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.
à...
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
à...
11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
à...
12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending. 
à...
13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
à...
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
à...
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers. 
à...
16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried. 
à...
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
à
18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
à 
19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.
à
20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.
à
B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
 	Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động 
Ex:	a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
 	b. The man standing there is my brother
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
 	Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động .
 	a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
 	b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND...
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
 This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE 
Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
 I have something to do now.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
 There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
 We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. 
 Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
 We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
 	S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be 
Ex: 	a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 	à Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 	à Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: 	b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
 	àDo you like the book on the table?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào 
 	Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT...
Bước 2 :
 	Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which... có các dấu hiệu first ,only...v..v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P..
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.
à
I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.
à
I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
à
The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.
à
My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.
à
She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.
à
You are the last person who saw her alive.
à
He simple loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.
à
The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde.
à
He was the second man who was killed in this way.
à
Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
à
Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.
à
Here are some accounts that you must check.
à
People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss . 
à
He was the man who was saved in the fire . 
à
Anyone who doesn’t want to take part in the meeting must inform the board.
à
The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
à
.She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin.
à
I met a man who had been working in this factory for a long time.
à
The story which was told by my grandma was interesting.
à
EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan.
 A. which 	B. who 	C. whom 	D. where.
2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
 A. are 	B. be 	C. is 	D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
 A. who	B. which 	C. that’s 	D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
 A. that 	B. which 	C. whom 	D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
 A. that 	B. whom 	C. which 	D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
 A. I 	B. whom I 	C. which I 	D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
 A. where 	B. when 	C. which 	D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
 A. that 	B. where 	C. which 	D. ø 
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
 A. ø 	B. where 	C. she 	D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
 A. ø 	B. that 	C. when 	D. they
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
	A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it	
 B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
	C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing	
 D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
	A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
	B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
	C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
	D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
	A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
	B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
	C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
	D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
	A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
	B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
	C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
	D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
	A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
	B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
	C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
	D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.
ANSWER: 
EXERCISE 1: Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl who/that chatted with you yesterday is my cousin.
2. The man who/that spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen is very kind.
3. The architect who/that designed these flats has moved to HCM City.
4. The young boy who/that rides an expensive motorbike is naughty.
5. I’m reading the book which/that I bought in 1996.
6. Do you know the man who/that is sharing the flat with me?
7. The young man who is talking to our teacher is Ba’s brother. 
8. The monument which we visited was built a hundred years ago.
9. The game which/that the boys are interested in is a popular game all over the world.
10. You have no need to tell me the reason why/ for which you are often late for work.
11. The people who/that we visited are homeless after the flood.
12. I don’t like the films which/that have unhappy ending. 
13. I know the man whose son broke your windows.
14. The girl whose parents work with me is very kind. 
15. The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers. 
16. She hasn’t eat anything, which makes her parents worried. 
17. The student who/that sits next to me is from China. 
18. I thanked the woman who/that had helped me.
19. Mr.Pike, whose course I am taking, is excellent. 
20. People have enjoyed plays which/that Shakespeare wrote for four centuries.
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone to play with.
I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything to open with.
I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden for him to play in.
The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush to sweep with.
My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box to keep in.
She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to send cards to.
You are the last person to see her alive.
He simple loves parties. He is always the first to come and the last to go.
The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built on the Clyde.
He was the second man to be killed in this way.
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Lady Astor was the first woman to take her seat in Parliament.
Here are some accounts for you to check.
People listening to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss . 
He was the man saved in the fire . 
Anyone not wanting to take part in the meeting must inform the board.
The teacher taking the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
.She’s just bought a handbag made of crocodile skin.
I met a man working in this factory for a long time.
The story told by my grandma was interesting.
EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1. B. 2. A. 3. D 4. C. 5. B. 6. B. 7. B. 8. B 9. C. 10. B. 
11. D. 12. A. 13. B. 14. C. 15. B.