Ngữ pháp và bài tập về Reported speech - Direct – Indirect speech

REPORTED SPEECH - DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Lối nói trực tiếp và gián tiếp (direct/ indirect speech)
Trong câu trực tiếp thông tin đi thẳng từ người thứ nhất sang người thứ hai (người thứ nhất nói trực tiếp với người thứ hai). Trong lời nói trực tiếp chúng ta ghi lại chính xác những từ, ngữ mà người nói dùng. Lới nói trực tiếp phải được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
He said “I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday”.
“I love you”, she said.
Trong câu gián tiếp, thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Khi đó câu có biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp. 
He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.
2. Quy tắc chuyển từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
2.1. Quy tắc chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: lùi một thì
Simple present –> simple past 	Present progressive –> past progressive
Present perfect –> past perfect 	Simple past –> past perfect 
Past progressive –> past perfect progressive 	Simple future –> would + V
Can/may/must –> could /might/had to 
2.2. Các chuyển đổi khác: 
– Đại từ nhân xưng:
I –> he/she We –> they You –> I/ we
(tân ngữ và tính từ sở hữu chuyển theo nhân xưng chủ ngữ)
– Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn:
Here –> there
This –> that
These –> those
– Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian: 
Today –> that day
Tomorrow –> the next day/ the following day
Yesterday –> the day before/ the previous day
Last week –> the week before/ the previous week
The day after tomorrow –> in 2 days’ time
The day before yesterday –> two days before.
Now –> then
Ago –> before 
2.3. Các trường hợp không đổi thì 
– Sự thật, sự việc luôn luôn đúng:
“The earth moves round the sun” he said.
–> He said that the earth moves round the sun.
Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences, using reported speech.
1. " I won't have enough money to finish this job."-> He said .
2. " It's been a long time since I had such a good meal."-> She said 
3. " The weather may get much worse tomorrow"-> He told us ..
4. " I think you should cut down on your smoking."-> The doctor told me 
5. " We haven't been to the art gallery for ages".-> They said 
6. " I always eats lots of fresh fruit and salad."-> She said .
7. " I'll see you tomorrow, John"-> Peter told John 
8. "You letter arrived yesterday" - > David told me ..
9. " I like this hotel very much"-> He said ..
10. " I left my umbrella here two days ago."-> Susan told them .
“ I have nothing to show you,” I said to her...
“ Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,” She said..
II/ Turn into reported speech: Wh-Questions
“ What happened to Mr Budd?” said one of the men. ..
“ Which of his son inherited his estate?’’ asked another..
“ Who is going to live in the big house?” enquired a third...
“ What will happen to his racehorses?” asked someone else...
“Which team has won?” asked Ann...
“ Which team won the previous match?” said Bill...
“ Who is playing next week?” he asked...
 “ Where is the ticket office?” asked Mr Jones...
IV/ Turn into reported speech: Commands , requests, advice, invitation.
“ Would you like to have lunch with me on Sunday?” he said to me.
..
“ Would you like a cigarette?” One of the guests said to me.
..
“ If I were you I’d try to get a room on the top floor” He said to his friend.
..
“ Will you help, please?’’ The mother said to her son.
..
“ Take the letter to the post, will you.? And shut the door as you go out,” said the boss to his secretary.
..
“Don’t eat too much starch,” I adviced her,” and avoid fried food.”
..
“ Don’t say anything to make her angry,” said my father.
..
 “ Take me up to the 33rd floor,” he said to the lift man.
..