Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn

MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ RÚT GỌN
1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động
2) Dùng cụm Phân từ hai : dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động.
3) Dùng cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to Vinf)
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ bổ nghĩa như :ONLY,LAST,số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND
 eg:He is the last man who left the ship = He is the last man to leave the ship.
-Động từ là HAVE/HAD
 eg:He had something that he could/ had to do = He had something to do 
-Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
 eg: There are six letters which have to be written today.=There are six letters to be written today
->GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
 - Nếu chủ ngữ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf. (We have some picture books that children can read.= We have some picture books for children to read. )
-Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone. thì có thể không cần ghi ra.( Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.)
 - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).( We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. We have a peg to hang our coat on)
4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
 Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be
 eg: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.=Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
I.PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ.
Bước 1:
- Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này cũng dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, tuy nhiên cách suy luận cũng phải theo thứ tự nếu không sẽ làm sai.
Ví dụ:
This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday.
Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành :
This is the first man arrested by police yesterday sai
Nhưng đáp án đúng phải là :
This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday đúng
Vậy thì cách thức nào để không bị sai ?
--->Các bạn hãy lần lượt làm theo các bước sau:
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 4 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who which có các dấu hiệu first ,onlyv..v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 3 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3 .Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P.
II.BÀI TẬP 
I- Rút gọn mệnh đề sau
1) We had a river in which we could swim .
2) Here are some accounts that you must check.
3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom.
4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN. 
5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad. 
6) I was the only one who realized him.
7) I have some homework which I must do tonight.
8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
->
9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel.
->
10) There are six reports which have to be typed today
->
BÀI II:Rút gọn mệnh đề sau
1) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather. 
->
2) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. 
->
3) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. 
->
4) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.
5) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it.
->
6) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant
7) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years.
8) There are many exercises that we have to finish before school.
->
9) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important.
->
10) We have a few exercises that we have to do.
Present Participle và Past Participle
ex1: Change the following complete sentences into simple ones by using Present Participle.(Thay đổi câu hoàn chỉnh sau đây bằng cách sử dụng hiện tại phân từ.)
When she got there, she was welcomed by her friends.
As soon as I brushed my teeth, I went to bed.
We saw a boy who was running out of the house.
When she was going along the street, she saw a pickpocket.
I stood watching an old man who was playing with his grandchildren.
->
You should not kiss a baby that is sleeping.
She took a picture of a lady who was sleeping.
While he was going to the office, he met his old friend.
She found a drunkard who was lying by the roadside.
We watched the schoolchildren while they were singing
->
I smelt something. It was burning.
® I smelt something burning.
12 .I went round to see her. I was hoping for reconciliation.
13. While he hated the job, he did it for many years.
14. She came in. She looked furious.
15. I had plenty of time to spare so I had a good look round the town.
16. He was wearing only a pair of shorts. He walked out into darkness.
17. I had been out all day so I was quite happy to stay in for the evening. 
18. The bedrooms that overlook the sea are the best ones in the hotel.
19. We’re wasting time. We are sitting here and doing nothing.
20. I have changed my job since I last wrote to you.
21. Before I make a decision, I need to discuss it with my partner.
22. We had been friends for twenty years and suddenly we had a big argument and haven’t seen each other since. ->
23. I had failed one of my exams so I couldn’t get into university.
24. Because he loved her so much, he forgave her for everything.
 25.I left them. They were doing the washing up.
ex2: Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and tense.Chọn câu trả lời đúng trong mỗi câu sau
If I had a bicycle, (I would / I will) ride it every day.
George (would have gone / would go) on a trip to Chicago if he had had time.
Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday. She (will have had / may have had) an accident.
John didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. John (must have done / should have done) his homework.
Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o’clock. She (must have forgotten / must forget) about our meeting.
Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea. He (should have slept / may have slept) late.
George missed class today. He (might have had / might had had) an accident.
Robert arrived without his notebook. He (could have lost / would have lost) it.
Thomas received a warning for speeding. (He should have driven / shouldn’t have driven) so fast.
Henry’s car stopped on the highway. It (may run / may have run) out of gas.
ex3 :Choose between “must + have + Past participle” and “should + have + Past participle”(lựa chọn giữa phải và nên) 
Hendry was deported for having an expired visa. He (have)____________ his visa renewed.
Julietta was absent for the first time yesterday. She (be)___________ sick.
The photos are black. The X rays at the airport (damage)___________ it.
Blanca got parking ticket. She (not, park)______________ in a reserved spot, since she had no permit.
Mary did very well on the exam. She (study)_____________ very hard.
Jean did very badly on the exam. She (study)_____________ harder.
German called us as soon as his wife had her baby. He (be)____ very proud.
John isn’t here yet. He (forget)______________ about our meeting.
Alex failed the exam. He (not, study)_____________ enough.
ex4:
Rewrite the sentences below using a Past Participle Phrase or Being + Past Participle.(Viết lại những câu dưới đây sử dụng một cụm từ Past participle hoặc Being + Past participle.)
I was exhausted through lack of sleep and fell asleep at my desk.
® Exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell asleep at my desk.
Peter was abandoned by his parents at an early age and took to stealing.
Although it was written many years ago, the book is still relevant today.
Since I was promoted, I’ve had no time to go out.
The boy was taken from his parents at an early age. He had a very difficult life.
The money was hidden in the cellar. It was not discovered for many years.
He was frequently criticized for his self-centered attitude but was nonetheless very popular.
After he was released from prison, Andy could not find a job anywhere.
The committee meetings, which were always dominated by the same people, were slow-moving and ineffectual.
When he was caught, he confessed everything. (On . . .)
When it is seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but it is lovely inside.
If we are elected, we will increase the value of pensions.
Although he was ridiculed by everybody, he continued to persuit his bizarre projects.
Unless it is destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences.
Jennifer had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out.
EX5
	Choose the correct verbal form in parentheses:
While walking down the street toward my dentist’s office, I muttered (encouraged, encouraging) words to myself (to keep, keeping) up my courage. Like most people; I avoided (to face, facing) the dentist’s drill and endeavored (to postpone, postponing) the (feared, fearing) ordeal as long as possible. But yesterday, when a molar started to ache, I decided it was time (to see, seeing) the dentist. If I postponed (to keep, keeping) my appointment again, I would risk (to lose, losing) a tooth.
The tennis champion has been asked (to play, playing) an exhibition game at the Tennis Club next Sunday. Everyone (interested, interesting) in this sport should certainly plan on (to attend, attending). Watching a fine player is a good way of (improving, improve) one’s own game. In addition, there is much pleasure in (seeing, see) someone do something expertly. I am certainly looking forward to (watching, watch) the champion (to play, play).
On a noon broadcast today I heard the news of a (damaged, damaging) earthquake in Greece. (Hear, Hearing) that made me (wonder, to wonder) about how the people there might have acted during the earthquake.
 I imagined men (to work, working) in factories and could see them (leave, leaving) their machines and (to rush, rushing) outside. They would be worrying about whether or not their families were safe. They would want (to get, getting) home, but they would find the buses not (to run, running). I could see mothers (to try, trying) (comforting, to comfort) their (frightening, frighten) children. I could hear (excited, exciting) teachers (to tell, telling) the school children (to march, marching) outside calmly.
EX6:
Use Present Participle or Past Participle for the verb in parentheses.
Gold is a metal (dig) out of the earth.
There is now scent in the (fade) rose this morning.
He is a (bore) lecturer, and the audience is usually (bore).
(Walk) along the street, I met a friend.
He found the fire (burn) brightly.
They found the house (burn) down.
I heard him (play) the “Moonlight Sonata”
I heard the “Moonlight Sonata” (play) by Mr. Smith.
It is really (surprise) news and we are (surprise).
That (escape) prisoner will be arrested again.
That man was a famous teacher. Now, he does not teach anymore. He is a (retire) teacher.
(Admit) what you say, I still think that you make a mistake.
(Be) tired with the toil, he sat down to rest.
It is a picture of (fall) angels.
He is a good-(look) man.
It is an (excite) story. We were (excite) when we read it.
The Labor candidate was not elected. He was a (fail) candidate.
Our (depart) guest has just said good-bye to us.
That much-(praise) man proved to be a scoundrel.
The (return) soldier seemed to be sad.
TENSE
Th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn: S + was, were + V-ing.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diÔn ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diÔn ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen vµo.
VÝ dô: When he arrived, I was watching T.V.
 c) DiÔn t¶ hai hay nhiÒu hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song trong qu¸ khø (while, when, as,..), all/ the whole of + danh tõ chØ thêi gian..
 d) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra vµ kÐo dµi trong suèt mét kho¶ng thêi gian nµo ®ã ë qu¸ khø.
 - VÝ dô: I’m was studying all day yesterday.
*) Trong c©u th­êng cã: from (Sunday) to (Tuesday), all (last month/ last week), the whole of (yesterday), between,
Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh: S + has / have + pII.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø (kh«ng râ thêi gian) cã thÓ kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i hoÆc t­¬ng lai (nÕu chÊm døt trong qu¸ khø chóng ta ph¶i dïng th× qu¸ khø ®¬n).
 - VÝ dô: up to the present, we have done every exercise in this book.
 - DÊu hiÖu: up to now, up to present, so far, for, since, just, lately, ever, never, already, recently, yet now (rèt cuéc ), before, it’s the 1st time.
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra (just).
 c) Hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ ®· hoµn tÊt trong qu¸ khø, nh­ng thêi gian cña hµnh ®éng kh«ng ®­îc biÕt râ hoÆc kh«ng ®­îc ®Ò cËp ®Õn (today, this afternoon, this week/ month/ year, võa qu¸ khø, võa t­¬ng lai).
 d) ChØ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø vµ h® nµy cã thÓ lÆp l¹i nhiÒu lÇn trong t­¬ng lai. (ever, never).
 e) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ch­a tõng x¶y ra tõ tr­íc tíi nay ( yet) (c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u hái).
 f) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· hoµn tÊt tr­íc lóc nãi (already).
 g) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng hay sù viÖc ®· ®­îc hoµn thµnh vµo mét thêi ®iÓm ch­a qua h¼n ë hiªn t¹i. 
 - VÝ dô: I have met him twice today.
 h) DiÔn t¶ mét kÕt qu¶ hiÖn cã do mét hµnh ®éng ë qu¸ khø. 	
 - VÝ dô: He has lost all his money in gambling.
Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + has / have + been + V-ing.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn ®Ôn hiÖn t¹i.
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng kÐo dµi trong qu¸ khø võa míi chÊm døt.
 - VÝ dô: He has been hunting bears (ViÖc ®i s¨n vÉn tiÕp tôc cho ®Õn gÇn ®©y).
 *) L­u ý: HTHT: nhÊn m¹nh vµo kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng, c¸c c«ng viÖc ®· thùc hiÖn ®­îc.
 HTHTTD: nhÊn m¹nh vµo sù tiÕp diÔn liªn tôc cña hµnh ®éng trong bao l©u, th­êng ®i víi for, since, all day, howlong (trong c©u hái), Nã kh«ng dïng víi always, kh«ng dïng víi nh÷ng tõ chØ nhËn thøc tri gi¸c. 
Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh: S + had + PII.
 a) ChØ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ ®· hoµn tÊt tr­íc mét thêi ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, hoÆc tr­íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c còng ®· kÕt thóc trong qu¸ khø.
 VÝ dô: By 2.00 o’clock we had had lunch.
Hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra nh­ng ch­a hoµn tÊt th× mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c, mét thêi ®iÓm kh¸c ®Õn (for).
 - VÝ dô: By december 1st last year, he had worked here for ten years.
*) DÊu hiÖu: before, after, when, till, until, as soon as, 
Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + had + been + V-ing.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tr­íc vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn cho ®Õn lóc nãi ë thêi ®iÓm qu¸ khø. 
 -VD: When I got home, I discovered she had been paiting the door. (Khi t«i vÒ nhµ, t«i thÊy c« Êy ®· ®ang s¬n c¸nh cöa).
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· tiÕp diÔn vµ ®­îc hoµn thµnh tr­íc lóc nãi ë thêi ®iÓm qua khø.
*) Chó ý: Kh«ng dïng th× nµy víi c¸c ®éng tõ: know, like, realize, guess, believe, doubt, understand, hear, smell, sound, taste, belong to, love,
Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n: S + shall, will + V (bare-infinitive).
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai.
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét thãi quen trong t­¬ng lai.
 - VÝ dô: The birds will come back next spring.
 c) DiÔn t¶ mét viÖc sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh lµm ngay lóc nãi.
 d) DiÔn t¶ sù ®Ò nghÞ thØnh cÇu. - VÝ dô: Shall we eat out tonight?
*) Chó ý: - Kh«ng ®­îc dïng won’t sau “ I think ”.
 - Kh«ng dïng th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n sau c¸c liªn tõ: when, before, after, as soon as, sau mÖnh ®Ò “if”.
 - Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n th­êng ®øng sau c¸c ®éng tõ nh­: be afraid, be/fell sure, believe, think, doubt, hope.
 Th× t­¬ng lai gÇn: S + be + going to + V (bare-infinitive).
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lµm g× ®ã trong t­¬ng lai gÇn.
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng s¾p x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai gÇn. 
Th× t­¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn: S + shall, will + be + V-ing.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai hoÆc ®ang x¶y ra th× mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c ®Õn.
 - VÝ dô: We will be waiting for you at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
Th× t­¬ng lai hoµn thµnh: S + shall, will + have + PII.
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®­îc hoµn tÊt tr­íc mét thêi ®iÓm trong t­¬ng lai. 
 - VÝ dô: We will have paid the loan by August. 
 b) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®­îc hoµn tÊt tr­íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong t­¬ng lai. 
*) DÊu hiÖu: by + mèc thêi gian, by then, by the end of (th¸ng), by (giê).
Th× t­¬ng lai hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + shall / will + have been + V-ing.
 - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ tiÕp diÔn ®­îc mét thêi gian so víi mét thêi ®iÓm kh¸c trong t­¬ng lai (By the end of ) Þ Ýt khi sö dông.
Th× t­¬ng lai trong qu¸ khø: S + would + V (bare-infinitive).
 a) DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm t­¬ng lai so víi mét thêi ®iÓm nµo ®ã ë qua khø.
 b) DiÔn t¶ dù ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
 EXERCISES
 I. Put these verbs into correct form.
1.I (walk)...........................to work everyday.
2.She (work)..............................in a bank two years ago.
3.We (see)...............................him from time to time last year.
4.Children(need)........................... love.
5.I(go).....................to town yesterday,and I(buy).......................a new book.
6.John(leave)....................................for France tomorrow.
7.He (leave)................................. yesterday.
8.He (work).............................here since August.
9.We often(see)..............................him on the way home.
10.I seldom (go) ..........................to the cinema.
11.I (read) .....................................that book already. 
12.They just(come)................................
13.I (be)...........................in the army during the Second World War.
14.I (walk) .....................................to school everyday last year.
15.We(not be)...................................... there lately.
16.This morning I(walk)................................to school.
17.Please be quite.I(study).......................................
18.The swimming pool(open).............................at 7.00 and (close) ......................at 18.30 everyday.
19.why (you/look).............................................at me like that?Have I said something wrong?
20.I(not/work)...............................this week.I’m on holiday.
21.How many cigarettes(you/smoke)...............................a day?
22.I(live).................................with some friends until I can find a flat.
23.Hurry up!The bus(come)...................................I(not/want).....................to miss it.
24.That machine(not/work)................................It broke down this morning.
25.This machine(not/work)...................................It hasn’t work for years.
26.The River Nile(flow)........................... into the Mediterranean.
27.The river(flow)..............................very fast today-much faster than usual.
28.Can you drive?-No,but I(learn)...............................My father(teach)............................me.
29.We usually(grow)..................................................vegetables in our garden but this year we(not/grow).............................any.
30.You can borrow my umbrella.I(not/need).............................it at the moment.
31.(At a party)I usually(enjoy)..........................parties but I(not/enjoy)...........................this one very much.
32.George says he’s 80 years old but I(not/believe)........................him.
33.Son is in London at the moment.He(stay)............................... at the Hilton Hotel.He usually(stay) ..............................at the Hilton Hotel when he’s in London.
34.A.What(your father/do).........................................? B.He’s a teac