Lý thuyết và bài tập về Đảo ngữ trong tiếng Anh

INVERSION(ĐẢO NGỮ)
 Để nhấn mạnh ý nào trong câu mà mình muốn diễn đạt, ta dùng phép đảo ngữ. Thông thường, phép đảo ngữ được thực hiện bằng cách đặt một trạng từ hoặc một cụm trạng ngữ ra đầu câu, đồng thời đảo trợ dộng từ hay động từ khiếm khuyết lên trước chủ ngữ hoặc tự động thêm trợ động từ “DO/ DOES” cho câu ở thì hiện tại hay “DID” cho câu ở thì quá khứ.
V + S + V + O
Cấu trúc của câu nhấn mạnh bắt đầu bằng: Only, Only by, Never, Until, Not until, Not only, No sooner, In no circumstances(chẳng trong trường hợp nào), in no where else(chẳng có ở một nơi nào khác), No longer, Only when (chỉ khi)...
E.g: We can never live without air and water.
=> Never can we live without air and water. (Không bao giờ chúng ta có thể sống được nếu không có không khí và nước).
Eg: She never eats out
==> Never does she eat out.
Các dạng đảo ngữ thường gặp:
A. Đảo từ với câu điều kiện:
1. Đảo từ với câu điều kiện loại 1
a) Câu điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng “ should” thay hiện tại không xác định chỉ khả năng xáy ra ít hơn ở tương lai. Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If”
Eg: If it rains tonight, I will stay at home.
==> Should it rain tonight, I will stay at home.
b) Điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng thời hiện tại hoàn thành
Lấy “should” thay “If” sao đó để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” ở tất cả các ngôi
Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home.
==> Should she have finished the work, she can go home.
2. Điều kiện loại 2
a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 2 có dùng động từ “tobe” ở số nhiều “were” dùng “were” thay”if”
Eg: If I were you, I would love him.
==> Were I you, I would love him.
b) Trong mẫu câu điều kiện loại 2 đặc biệt có dùng “If” đầu câu ( nếu không phải vì......), tách “were” khỏi “not’’sau đó đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”)
Eg: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here.
==> Were it not your progress, I wouldn’t be here.
c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại 2 thông thường
Were+ S+ V(to-inf) ...,S + would +V (inf)
Thay động từ ở quá khứ của mệnh đề điêu kiện loại 2
Eg: If he had enough time, he would finish the report.
==> Were he to have 
3. Điều kiện loại 3
a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”
Eg: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.
==> Had she worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.
b) Câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt đi với đại từ “it” đầu câu
If it hadn’t been for + N ==> Nếu không phải vì.......
==> Tách “had” ra khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”
Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday.
==> Had it not been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday.
c) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay quá khứ hoàn thành: Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”
Eg:
 If she were to have driven carefully, she wouldn’t have caused the accident.
==> Were she to have driven carefully, she wouldn’t have caused the accident.
B. Đảo ngữ với.. So.that./ such that.
1. So + adj : Trong mẫu câu trạng từ chỉ kết quả
eg; She is so rich that she can buy what she likes.
Đảo “so + adj” lên đầu câu
==> So rich is she that he is now weak.
2. So + adv that............. : Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết quả sau trạng từ
Đảo “ so + adv” lên đầu câu
eg: He worked so hard in the past that he is now weak.
==> So hard did he work in the past that he is now weak.
3. Câu có sử dụng “such” thường gặp các dạng:
a) Trong câu có dùng “ so great, so much” biến đổi “ so great, so much”
==> “ such” đảo lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh
eg; The question was so great that he had to think it over.
==> Such was the question that he had to think it over.
b)Trong câu có dùng “such” 
S + tobe+ such+ that+ mệnh đề
Đảo “such” lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh
eg: She is so poor that she can’t go school
 Her poverty is such that she can’t go school.
==>Such is her poverty that she can’t go school.
C. Các dạng đảo ngữ với “No”
• In/ Under no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. 
• On no account: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không
On no accout must this switch be touched. 
• Only in this way: Chỉ bằng cách này
Only in this way could the problem be solved 
• In no way: Không sao có thể 
In no way could I agree with you. 
• By no means: Hoàn toàn không
By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 
. At no time=never
Ex: They never suspected him of being a spy.
→ At no time did they suspect him of being a spy.
. No longer Aux + S +V
Ex: They no longer keep in touch with each other. 
→ No longer do they keep in touch with each other.
.No where + Aux (Trợ động từ) + S + V 
No where in the Vietnam is the scenery as beautiful as that in my country.
No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home.
No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country.
• Negative statement..., nor + auxiliary + S + V
He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow. 
D. Các dạng đảo ngữ với “ONLY”
1. Only by + Ving/N, Aux + SV
Ex: You can’t succeed unless you try hard.
→ Only by trying hard can you succeed.
2. Only with + Noun, Aux + SV
Ex: The bank lent him some money, which enabled him to buy a car.
→ Only with the bank’s money could he buy a car.
3. Only after + Noun, Aux + SV
Ex: He only realized what his father meant to him after his death.
→ Only after his father’s death did he realize what he meant.
4. Only when/after S +V, Aux + SV
Ex: I only recognized who he was when he called his name.
→ Only when he called his name, did I recognize who he was.
Only once
Only later
Only in this way
Only in that way
Only then + Auxiliary + S + V
Only after + N
Only when + clause
Only if+ clause
Only in adv of time/ place
E. Các dạng đảo ngữ với “NOT UNTIL”(mãi đến tận)
 1. Not until + Noun, Aux + SV
Ex: Man didn’t fly into pace until the early 1960s.
→ Not until the early 1960s did man fly into space.
2. Not until + SV, Aux + SV
Ex: They continued to feel unsafe until they got home.
→ Not until they got home did they feel safe.
F. Các cấu trúc đảo ngữ khác:
1. Never
Ex: I never come to work late.
→ Never do I come to work late.
2. Scarcely, Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever + Auxiliary + S + V
Ex: Rarely has Big Ben gone wrong.
 I remember very few thing about my early childhood.
→ scarcely do I remember things about my early childhood.
Never in Mid-summer does it snow.
Hardly ever does he speak in the public.
I don’t know much about astronomy.
→ Little do I know about astronomy.
They hardly had arguments.
→ Hardly did they have arguments.
+ Hardly anyone wears a hat nowadays.
 Hardly anything is worth buying
3. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT
No + N + Auxiliary + S + Verb (inf)
Not any +  N + Auxiliary +  S + Verb (inf)
EX: No money shall I lend you from now on.
      (= Not any money shall I lend you from now on.)
4. Hardly/Scarely/ Bearly had S done when S did: vừa mới..thì đã
 No sooner had S done than S did: vừa mới.thì đã
Ex: - He had just gone out when his friend called. 
→ Hardly had he gone out when when his friend called.
- The doorbell rang the moment she lay down. 
→ No sooner had she lain down than the door bell rang.
6. Not only Aux + SV, but S also V
Ex: They robbed him. They beat him.
Not only did they rob him, but they also beat him.
7. Nor Aux + SV: cũng thế
Ex: She couldn’t speak Italian nor could she speak Spanish.
8. Neither and so
- A:"I am not into hip hop." B: "Neither am I." (Or: "Nor am I.")
- A: "I am fond of flamenco dancing." B: "So am I."
Note :
- Nếu chủ ngữ là giống nhau , phía sau diễn tả ý “đúng thế” “đúng là như vậy” thì không đảo .
It is fine today, so it is.
- Phía trước phức tạp : Các chủ ngữ khác nhau – Có hai câu trở lên – vừa có khẳng định vừa có phủ định thì dùng cách nói sau :so it is/was with sb.//It is /was the same with sb//The same goes for sb .
Her mother is a doctor and works in the People’s Hospital. So it is with mine.
9. Here/ There ở đầu câu:
Ex: There is a letter for you on the desk. 
 Here is your pen.
10. Here/ There trong câu cảm
Ex: There goes the bus! 
 Here comes George!
11. Inversions after adjectives
Ex: Blessed are the children who are still unaware of what the future holds.
 Gone are the days when I could have been happy
12. Under/in/out/above V+S
Ex: The dog lay under the chair → Under the chair lay the dog
13. Inversions with "as". 
 Ex: Elisabeth was too shy to dance, as was Gerald. 
 She decided to leave early, as did Gerald.
• Khi một mệnh đề mở đầu bằng các thành ngữ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trật tự thì động từ chính có thể đảo lên chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong trường hợp này.
Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)
In front of the museum is a statue.
First came the ambulance, then came the police.
(Thoạt đầu là xe cứu thương chạy đến, tiếp sau là cảnh sát.) 
• Khi một ngữ giới từ làm phó từ chỉ địa điểm hoặc phương hướng đứng ở đầu câu, các nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong loại câu này. Nó rất phổ biến trong văn mô tả khi muốn diễn đạt một chủ ngữ không xác định:
Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
On the grass sat an enormous frog.
Along the road came a strange procession. 
• Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh cũng có thể đảo lên đầu câu:
Not a single word did he say. 
• Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... có thể theo sau là một động từ chuyển động và sau đó là một danh từ làm chủ ngữ:
– Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.
Away went the runners.
Down fell a dozen of apples...
– Nhưng nếu một đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ:
Away they went.
Round and round it flew.
– Trong tiếng Anh viết (written English) các ngữ giới từ mở đầu bằng các giới từ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... có thể được theo sau ngay bởi động từ chỉ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoặc các dạng động từ chỉ chuyển động, các động từ như be born/ die/ live và một số dạng động từkhác.
From the rafters hung strings of onions.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
Over the wall came a shower of stones.
*Chú ý: các ví dụ trên có thể diễn đạt bằng một V-ing mở đầu cho câu và động từ to be đảo lên trên chủ ngữ:
Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion.
Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
1. Trong câu với “There be .”, “be” có lúc có thể đổi thành “ live , lie, stand” với ý chỉ trạng thái .
There is a boat in the river.
There stands a temple on the top of the hill.
2. Dùng trong các câu mở đầu bằng các phó từ “here, there, now, then, in, out, down, up, back, over ,away, off”.Trường hợp này chủ ngữ là đại từ thì không đảo .
Now comes my turn.
Here is a letter for you.
Then followed three days of heavy rain.
In came the teacher, and the lesson began.
Off went the horses.
Up went the arrow into the air.
Away they went.
3. Kết cấu giới từ chỉ nơi chốn đưa lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh 
In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.
On the ground lay an old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.
4. Dùng trong câu nhấn mạnh bổ ngữ. Bổ ngữ đưa lên trước không chỉ để nhấn mạnh mà còn làm cho cấu trúc câu cân đối hơn
Such was the story he told me.
Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.
5. Dùng trong câu có dẫn lời nói trực tiếp 
“ You have made great progress this term.” said our teacher.
“Mr.Crossett,”said my father,”will you permit an old pupil to shake hands with you?”
“Why didn’t you join us!” asked our monitor .
1.Trong câu có các mệnh đề với “as, though, no matter how, however” . Thường đưa : n/adj./verb/adv lên trước .
Child as he is, she knows a great deal.
Youngest as he is , he studies best in our class.
However tired he is, he continues to work.
Again as he tired, he failed.
Hard as he works, he makes little progress.
Try as he does, she will never pass it.
Search as they would, they could find no sign.
Much as he likes the girl, he quarrels with her sometimes.
Young though he is, he has won the Nobel Prize.
4 .Nhóm câu mở đầu bằng các từ và cụm từ sau “often, always, once, many a time ,now and then, every other day”
Often do I tell her about my life here.
Many a time has he helped me with my experiment.
8. Câu chúc mở đầu bằng “may”
May you have a good journey!
May you succeed!
Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu với hình thức đảo ngữ
1. She had never been so happy before.
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
4. Public borrowing has seldom been so high.
5. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
6. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
7. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.
8. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed .
9. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property.
10. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
11. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face.
12. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances.
13. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. 
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi.
1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
–> So.
2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk.
–> No sooner..
3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
–> Hardly..
4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
–> Only when
5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John.
–> Nowhere..
6.–> The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
–> At no time.
7. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
–> Not until
8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday.
–> Only by
Bài 1:
1. She had never been so happy before.
--> Never had she been so happy before.
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
--> Never have I heard such nonsense!
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
--> Never have I seen such a mess in my life.
4. Public borrowing has seldom been so high.
--> Seldom has public borrowing been so high.
5. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
--> Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
6. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
--> Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success. 
7. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.
--> Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent.
8. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed.
--> Hardly had I begun to apologise when the door closed.
9. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property.
--> In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers’ lost property.
10. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
--> No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
11. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face.
--> Only when Tom saw his wife’s face did he understand the meaning of the comment.
12. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. 
--> Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals.
13. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. 
--> Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent’s advice. 
Bài 2:
1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
–> So great was her grief that she almost fainted.
2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk.
–> No sooner had he returned from his walk than he got down to writing the letter.
3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
–> Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her.
4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
–> Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed.
5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John.
–> Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs John.
6. The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
–> At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt.
7. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
–> Not until he got home did he remember about the gun.
8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday.
–> Only by training hard everyday can you become a good athlete.
EXERCISES
I. Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same.
Were Smith to resign, I might stand a chance of getting his job. IF
b. Such was the demand for the tickets that people queued day and night. GREAT 
c. The money is not to be paid under no circumstances. NO
d. Three days passed before we arrived at the first oasis. NOT UNTIL
e. Hardly had the ship left port, than a violent storm developed. SOON AFTER
..
f. They would have discovered land sooner had they carried a compass IF
..
g. Little did Brenda know what she was letting herself in for. IDEA
h. It was only when I stopped that I realized something was wrong DID I
i. The accused never expressed regret for what he had done. AT NO TIME
j. So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race. TOO.
II. Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same
If Smith were to resign , I might stand a chance of getting his job.
The demand for tickets was so great that people queued night and day.
Under no circumstances is the money to be paid.
4. Not until three days had passed did we arrived at the first oasis/ It was not until three days later that we arrived at the first oasis.
Soon after the ship left port , a violent storm developed.
If they had carried a compass they would have discovered the land sooner.
Brenda had no idea what she was letting herself in for.
Only when I stopped did I realize that something was wrong.
At no time did the accused express regret for what he has done.
 The runners were too exhausted to finish the race.
EXERCISES
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else.
Not until it was too late I remembered / did I remember I call Susan.
Hardly had we settle down in our seats than/when the lights went out.
Only after checking three times I was/was I certain of the answer.
At no time I was aware/was I aware of anything out of usual.
Only Mary sang Sally passed/ did they pass the final examination.
So the waves were high/ So high were the waves that swimming was dangerous.
Only when Peter has arrived / has Peter arrived can we begin the program.
No sooner had it stopped raining than/when the sun came out.
If should you leave early/ should you leave early could you leave me a lift?
II. Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER.
1. She has never been so happy before.
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
4. Our profits this year are higher than they have ever been.
5. She would never again trust her own judgment when buying antiques.
6. The firm has never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
7. I’ve never come across such a horrifying film.
8. I have never been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
9. I never for one moment thought the consequences would be so far- reaching.
10. I had never tasted such a wonderful combination of f