Lý thuyết và bài tập về Câu trực tiếp và Câu gián tiếp

REPORTED SPEECH 
 (Câu gián tiếp)
 Definition:
1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai chấm(:).
- Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.
Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said.
2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.
A. STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật): Cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
Cấu tạo: 
S + said (that) + S + V (lùi 1 thì)
S + told + O (that) + S + V (lùi 1 thì)
Đổi động từ ở mệnh đề chính doäng töø say to (said to) ñoåi thaønh tell (told). Tuy nhieân, neáu sau say (said) khoâng coù tuùc töø (object) thì khi ñoåi sang caâu giaùn tieáp ta coù theå giöõ nguyeân ñoäng töø say (said).
Đổi các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu: nhaát chuû, nhi
- Ngoâi thöù nhaát (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) cuøng ngoâi vôùi chuû ngöõ (subject) cuûa ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät.
- Ngoâi thöù hai (you, your, yours) cuøng ngoâi vôùi taân ngöõ (object).
- Ngoâi thöù ba (he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, their, theirs) khoâng thay ñoåi.
1. Các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu:
Chủ ngữ 
Tân ngữ
Tính từ sở hữu
Đại từ sở hữu
I
me
my
mine
You
you
your
yours
He
him
his
his
She
her
her
hers
It
it
its
its
We
us
our
ours
You
you
your
yours
They
them
their
theirs
Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
Đại từ nhân xưng
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
I
He, she
we
they
You
They/ he/ she/ I
 Chủ ngữ : 
He, Tom, she, Mary ..
They, Children
Tân ngữ
Trực tiếp
gián tiếp
Me
Him/ her
us
Them
you
Them/ him/ her
Tính từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
my
His/ her
our
Their
your
Their/ his/her/ my
Đại từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
mine
Him/ hers
ours
Theirs
yours
Theirs/ his/ hers
2. Đổi thì động từ 
Direct speech
Reported speech
Simple present ( V(s/es))
® Simple past ( V2/ed )
Simple past ( V2/ed)
® Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )
Simple future ( will/ shall + V0 )
® Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 )
Present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing)
® Past continuous ( was/ were + V-ing )
Past continuous (was/were + V-ing)
® Past perfect continuous / past continuous
Future continuous (will + be + V-ing)
® Future continuous in the past (would + be + V-ing)
Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed)
® Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
® Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed)
® Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed)
can
® could
must
® had to
Direct speech
Reported speech
1. Present simple
 Ex: go
2. Present progressive
 Ex: is going
3. Present perfect / Past simple
 Ex: have done
 swam
4. Past progressive
 Ex: was / were going
5. Future simple
 Ex: will 
6. can/ must
1. Past simple
 Ex: went
2. Past progressive
 Ex: was / were going
3. Past perfect
 Ex: had done
 had swum
4. Past perfect progressive
 Ex: had been going
5. Future in the past
 Ex: would
6. could/ had to
Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì hieän taïi ñôn, ta chæ ñoåi ñaïi töø trong lôøi trích daãn.
 Ex: The farmer says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
 The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
 She says, “I’m tired now.”
 She says that she is tired now.
Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì quaù khöù ñôn, ta phaûi ñoåi thì, ñaïi töø, töø vaø cuïm töø chæ thôøi gian, nôi choán trong lôøi trích daãn.
 Ex: Judy said, “I will phone you tomorrow.”
 Judy told me (that) she would phone me the day after
Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.
 ® He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”
 ® My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
 He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’
 ® He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner
- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên
 Eg: He said, “ I will come to your house tomorrow”
® He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:
Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”
® He said that he would write to her If he knew her address 
 Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”
® She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
 Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”
® The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
 Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp
 Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar” ® The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly. 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish’
 Eg: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”
 ® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time”
 Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
 ® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau ‘would rather, would sooner”
 Eg: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home”
 ® She said that she would rather I stayed at hone
- Không thay đổi thì của:
 Could, would, might, should 
Ought, had better, need 	trong câu nói gián tiếp 
Nhưng must -> had to/ must	
Eg: She said; “I could do the homework 
® She said the she could do the homework 
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
 Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980”
 ® he said that he was born in 1980.
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn
Eg: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema”
 She said she saw him when she was going to the cinemaChú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.
 ® He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”
 ® My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
 He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’
 ® He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner
- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên
 Eg: He said, “ I will come to your house tomorrow”
® He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:
Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”
® He said that he would write to her If he knew her address 
 Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”
® She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
 Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”
® The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
 Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp
 Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar” ® The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly. 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish’
 Eg: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”
 ® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time”
 Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
 ® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau ‘would rather, would sooner”
 Eg: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home”
 ® She said that she would rather I stayed at hone
- Không thay đổi thì của:
 Could, would, might, should 
Ought, had better, need 	trong câu nói gián tiếp 
Nhưng must -> had to/ must	
Eg: She said; “I could do the homework 
® She said the she could do the homework 
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
 Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980”
 ® he said that he was born in 1980.
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn
Eg: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema”
 She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema
3. Đổi các trạng ngữ (thời gian, nơi chốn)
Direct speech
Reported speech
This
These
Here
Now
Today
tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Ago
This week
Last week
Last night
Next week
Next Monday
That
Those
There
Then
That day
That night
The day before / the previous day
The day after / the following day / the next day
Before
That week
The week before / the previous week
The night before / the previous day
The week after / the following week / the next week
The following Monday
@ Chú ý:
1. Change these sentences into Reported Speech:
EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS)
1. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”
...
2. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week”
.
3. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks”
..
4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully”
.
5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend”
..
6. Hoa said “I may visit my parents in the summer”
..
7. The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students”
8. She said “She doesn’t buy this book”
.
9. The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match”
10. Her classmate said “Lan is the most intelligent girl in our class”
11. They told us “Our friends will get the award for their highest scores”
12. He said “I will go to school by bus tomorrow”
13. Phong said “I need to learn more vocabulary”
..
14. His brother told him “You can use my computer today”
15. Mai said “I can not go to the movies with you, Nam”
2. Put the following sentences into reported speech:
1. He said, “ I am going to town with my sister”
.
2. He said to her, “ You are wearing your best clothes”
..
3. They said, “We are unlucky today”. 
4. She said to me, “I want to speak to your brother” 
5. She said, “I have helped my mother” ..
6. John said to Mary, “She is ready to go with us” 
7. She said to me, “They do not know you” ..
8. He said, “ I shall answer the phone” ..
9. She said to them, “You can do it if you try” .
 10. He said, “He has done his homework well”
 .
B. COMMANDS (Câu yêu cầu):
Cấu tạo:
S + told / asked + O + (not) to V
Ex: “Hurry up, Lan” 
 He told Lan to hurry up.
 “Don’t make noise in class, please!” 
 The teacher asked them not to make noise in class. 
Dick said to Jim: “Please open the window.” ® Dick told Jim to open the window.
Mother said, “Tim, go to bed early.” ® Mother told Tim to go to bed early.
Father said to Liz: “Don’t come home late.” ® Father told Liz not to come home late.
Mary angrily said: “Never smoke in my room.” ® Mary told us not to smoke in her room.
“Would you turn on the radio, please.” She asked. ® She asked me to turn on the radio.
“Could you lend me some money, please.” He asked. ®He asked me to lend him some 
money 
C. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi):
Form:
 wh- + S + V
S + asked + O 
 if / whether + S + V
REPORTED SPEECH IN QUESTIONS: CAÂU TÖÔØNG THUAÄT TRONG CAÂU HOÛI
 1. Reported speech in“ Wh question” : Caâu töôøng thuaät trong caâu hoûi coù töø ñeå hoûi
 S + asked / told + O + Wh -word + S + V-2 / - ed 
Ví duï: He asked me: “ What do you know about Malaysia?”
 à He asked me what I knew about Malaysia?”
 Nam asked me: “ what is your name?”
 à Nam asked me what my name was
 “What time does the film begin?”
He asked me what time the film began.
Ex: · “Where do you live?”, he asked. ® He asked me where I lived.
 · She asked: “How old is he?” ® She wondered how old he was.
 · He asked her: “When can you start?” ® He wanted to know when she could start.
Put the following sentences into reported speech:
She said to him, “Where do you live?”
...
She said to me, “When have you been to town today?”
....
She said to John, “How is your father today?”. 
He said, “Where shall I be tomorrow?” 
John said, “What can I do to help you ,Anna?” .
John said, “What do you say, Mary?” ..
Mary said, “How do you feel l, John?”
 ..
 He said to me, “What is your name?” 
 She said to me, “Where are you going for your holidays?” 
 She said, “How long does it take to get to London, Ba”
 'What happened to Mr. Budd?' said one of the men. 
 'Which of his sons inherited his estate?' asked another. 
 'Who is going to live in the big house?' enquired a third. 
 'What will happen to his racehorses?' asked someone else.
 'Which team has won?' asked Ann. 	 
 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill. 
 'Who is playing next week?' he asked. 
 'Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom. 
 'Who wants a lift home?' said Ann. 
 'Who has just dropped a $10 note?' I asked.
EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: WH-QUESTIONS)
1. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me
..
2. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked Lan
..
3. Tam’s friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?”
.
4. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom
5. The teacher said to Lien “What‘s your hobby?”
..
6. “How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him
.
7. “How much does this dress cost?” Lan asked Lien
8. Ba asked Tam “How often do you wash your clothes?”
.
9. “When will your father leave Vietnam for the USA?” Phong asked Thu
.
10. “How many books do the students need?” The librarian asked myteacher
..
 2. Reported speech in Yes/ No question: 
 S + asked / told + O + if ( whether) + S + V(-2 / - ed )
 Ví duï: He asked me: “ Do you know about Malaysia?”
 à He asked me if (whether) I knew about Malaysia?”
 Nam asked me: “ Is your name Hoa ?”
 à Nam asked me if (whether) my name was Hoa
 “Have you seen that film?”
 à He asked me if I had seen that film.
· He asked me: “Are you angry?” ® He asked me if/ whether I was angry.
 · She said to him: “Did you meet John yesterday?”
® She asked him if/ whether he had met John the previous day.
 · The teacher said: “Have you finished the test?”
® The teacher asked us if/ whether we had finished the test.
 * Ghi chuù: Khi töôøng thuaät moät caâu hoûi, caùc em löu yù nhöõng ñieåm sau:
- Trong caâu hoûi töôøng thuaät, chuû töø ñi tröôùc ñoäng töø, ôû ñaây ta khoâng coøn ñaûo ñoäng töø ra tröôùc chuû töø nöõa.
- Trôï ñoäng töø “Do” khoâng coøn duøng trong caâu hoûi töôøng thuaät vaø daáu hoûi thay baèng daáu chaám.
- Ñaïi töø vaø tính töø sôû höõu ñöôïc ñoåi tuøy theo chuû töø cuûa ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu laø gì.
Exercise 1:Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
"Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
→ She asked 
"How are you?" Martin asked us.
→ Martin asked us 
He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
→ He asked 
"Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
→ The mother asked her daughter 
"Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
→ She asked her boyfriend 
"What are they doing?" she asked.
→ She wanted to know 
"Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
→ He wanted to know 
The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
→ The teacher wanted to know 
"How do you know that?" she asked me.
→ She asked me 
"Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
"What's the time?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know 
"When will we meet again?" she asked me.
→ She asked me 
"Are you crazy?" she asked him.
→ She asked him 
"Where did they live?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know 
"Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
→ He asked her 
"Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me 
"Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know 
"Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
→ She wanted to know 
"Did you see that car?" he asked me.
→ He asked me 
"Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins
EXERCISES 3: (REPORTED SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS)
1. “Do you enjoy reading?” Phong asked Peter
..
2. “Does she like sports?” Hoa asked Lan
...
3. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam
.
4. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom
.
5. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend
..
6. “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter
..
7. “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan
8. She said to me “Can you speak Chinese?”
..
9. “Will she be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu
..
10. “Were you reading this book at 8 o’clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba
.
C. COMMANDS IN REPORTED SPEECH: MEÄNH LEÄNH TRONG CAÂU TÖÔØNG THUAÄT
 S + asked / told + O + ( not ) to + V .
 requested
 begged
 ordered
 .
Ví duï: He said to me: “Can you post this letter for me?”
 He asked me to post this letter for him
 Ví duï: The doctor said to me: “Stay in bed for a few days “
 The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days
 - Boû töø PLEASE neáu trong caâu tröïc tieáp coù töø naøy.
Exercise 1:Put the following sentences into reported speech:
1. Mary said to John, “Open the box for me please”
à.
2. The teacher said to Jim, “Don’t be late for class again”
à..
3. He said to me, “Don’t make noise”. à.
4. She said to her classmates, “Be quiet, please” à
5. Maryam said, “Help me with this exercise, Tom”
à. 
6. The teacher said to me, “Write that exercise out carefully” à..
7. She said to me, “Don’t believe everything she says”
à 
8. He said to me, “Think before you answer” à
9. My father said to me, “Put your book here” à..
 10. She said to her brother, “Lock the front door before you go out” 
 à.
11. He said, 'Get out of my way.'
à . 12. 'Climb in through the window,' he ordered.
à . 
 13. 'Please pay at the desk,' said the assistant.
 à . 	 	
 14. 'Open your bag, please,' said the store detective.
 à . 
 15. 'Don't worry about anything, Mrs. Pitt,' said her solicitor. 'Leave it all to me.'
 à . 
 16. 'Don't use bent coins in a slot machine,' I warned him. 
 à . 	
 17. 'Follow that car,' the detective said to the taxi-driver.
 à . 
18. 'Wash it in lukewarm water,' recommended the assistant. 
à . 	
19. 'Have confidence in me,' urged the doctor.
à . 
 20. 'Take me up to the 33rd floor,' he said to the liftman.
 à . 
Exercise 2:Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns in some sentences.
"Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.
àThe teacher told Joe 
"Be patient," she said to him.
 àShe told him 
"Go to your room," her father said to her.
à Her father told her 
"Hurry up," she said to us.
à She told us 
"Give me the key," he told her.
à He asked