Lý thuyết và bài tập về câu so sánh trong tiếng Anh

USUAL SENTENCE PATTERNS
Caùc Maãu Caâu Thoâng Duïng )
SUBJECT + V ( PRESENT )+ +
+ S + V ( past )
1A AS IF 
 AS THOUGH ( Nhö theå laø )
	Ex : It is not winter. 	 => The lady dresses as if it were winter.
	Ex : She doesn’t study modeling. 	= > She walks as if she studied modeling.
1B. AS IF 
 SUBJECT + V ( PAST ) + + S + V ( Past Perfect ) 
 AS THOUGH 
	Ex : She didn’t win the grand prize. => She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
	Ex : He didn’t see a ghost.	=> He looked as though he had seen a ghost. 
2. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE 
 ALTHOUGH / THOUGH 
 ( Duø, Maëc duø ) + CLAUSE ( S + V + COMPLEMENT )
 EVEN THOUGH 
	Ex : Though she is poor, she still goes to school.	=> In spite of her poverty, she still goes to school.
	Ex : Even though he has physical handicap, he has become a sucessful business.
	=> Despite having physical handicap, he has become a sucessful business.
3A S + V ( BE ) + TOO 
 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT ( BE ) + AND + 
 ( Meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh ) SO + V ( BE ) + S 
 ( Cuõng vaäy, Cuõng theá )
	Ex : I am happy , and you are too.
	  so are you.
3B. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S + AUXILIARY ONLY + TOO 
 ( Meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh ) SO + AUXILIARY ONLY + S 
	EX : They will work in the lab tomorrow, and	you will too.
	 	 so will you
3C. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S + do / does / did + TOO 
 ( Meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh ) SO + do / does / did + S 
	Ex : Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
	 	so does my sister.
4. NEGATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S+ NEGATIVE AUXILIARY or BE + EITHER
 ( Meänh ñeà Phuû ñònh ) NEITHER + POSITIVE AUXILIARY OR BE + S
 ( Cuõng khoâng )
	Ex : I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either.
	 neither did John.
	Ex : She won’t be going to the conference, and her collegues won’t either.
	 neither will her collegues.
5. S + WOULD RATHER THAT ( Mong muoán ) + S2 + V2 / ED / WERE 
	Ex : It is not winter now. 	=> Jane would rather that it were winter now.
	Ex : His friends doesn’t work in the same departtment.
	=> Henry would rather that his friends worked in the same department.
6A. S + Present perfect + For + Time It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb 
Ex : I haven’t enjoyed myself so much fo years. It’s years since I enjoyed myself for years.
6B. S + past verb + For + Time It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb 
Ex : The telephone rang for hours It’s hours since the telephone rang. 
6C. S + past verb + Ago It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb 
Ex : I last saw her 5 years ago. It’s is 5 years since I saw her.
7. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ( Thì hieän tai giaû ñònh) : Coù hình thöùc gioáng nhö nguyeân theå cuûa ñoäng töø. Thì hieän taïi giaû ñònh ñöôïc duøng trong meänh ñeà baét ñaàu baèng That.
A. S + V + THAT + S + [ V (in simple form) ] 
 ORDER, COMMAND (ra leänh) , REQUEST, ASK (yeâu caàu) , DEMAND, REQUIRE ( ñoøi hoûi ) , PROPOSE , SUGGEST(ñeà nghò) , INSIT ( khaêng khaêng), URGE (hoái thuùc)
	Ex : He demanded that he be allowed to meet his lawyer.
	Ex : The doctor suggested that his patient ( should ) stop smoking.
	Ex : The child urges that his father take him to the zoo. 
B. AFTER THE EXPRESSIONS ( Sau nhöõng thaønh ngöõ ) 
 IT + BE ( Any tense ) + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SUBJECT + VERB – IN SMPLE FORM
 It is necessary 
 It is essential 
 It is imperative + That + S + [ V (in simple form) ] 
 It is important 
 It is advisible 
 It is urgent
Ex : It is necessay that your mother follow the doctor’advice.
Ex : It is advisible that you be careful in the laboratory. 
8. STRUCTURE WITH PREVENT
S + Be + So + Adj + That + S + V ( Negative ) 
S + V + Because of + Noun Or Because + S + V 
S + V + So That + S + V 
 S + Prevent + Someone / Something + From + V- ing / Noun
	Ex : The sea was so rough that the ferry couldn’t sail.
	=> The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing.
	Ex : The water was everywhere and we couldn’t save the victims of the flood.
	=> The immense water prevented us saving the victims of the flood.
9. S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN 
 THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE + V3
	Ex : This is the first time my daughter has eaten European food.
	=> My daughter is not used to eating European food.
10. S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN S + OFTEN + V 
Ex : My French friend finds driving on the left difficult.=> My French friend isn’t used to driving on the left.
	Ex : I often get up early. => I am used to getting up early.
11. S + PREFER + V-ING + TO + V-ING S + WOULD RATHER +V + THAN + V 
 Sth + TO + Sth S + LIKE  BETTER THAN
	Ex : She prefers staying at home to going to market.	=> She would rather stay at home than go to market.
	Ex : They prefer coffee to tea. => They like coffee better than tea.
12. S + HAS / HAVE BEEN + V3/ED / V-ING + SINCE / FOR . 
 S + BEGAN / STARTED + V-ING/ TO + V + TIME + AGO
Ex : He has been working in this factory for over 20 years.=> Over 20 years ago, he began to work in this factory. 
13. HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + PAST VERB WHEN + DID + S + V 
	Ex : How long is it since we met them.	 => When did we meet them.
14. S + HAVEN’T BEEN + TO + A PLACE 
 IT + BE + ONE’S FIRST VISIT + TO + A PLACE
Ex : I haven’t been to North America. It is my first visit to North America.
15. IT IS HIGH TIME ( Ñaõ ñeán luùc ) 
A. IT IS HIGH TIME + TO + V 
 IT IS HIGH TIME + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V 
	Ex : It is high time to go.	EX : It is high time for them to leane the office.
B. IT IS HIGH TIME + S + V ( PAST SUBJUNCTIVE )
	Ex : We should do something about it now. It is high time we did something about it now.
16. a. LET’S + V 
 b. IN MY OPINION S + SUGGEST + THAT 
 c. S + ADVISE + S + PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 
 d. WHY DON’T YOU DO SOMETHING
Ex : “ Let’t go for a walk in the park, ” said Ann.	=> Ann suggested that we should go for a picnic in the park.
	Ex : “ Why doesn’t Tom buy this picture as a wedding present ” said Mary.
	=> Mary suggested that Tom buy this picture as a wedding present. 
17. AS LONG AS / SO  THAT 
 S1 + V1 + SO THAT / SUCH  THAT + S2 + V2
 WHEN / IF / BECAUSE
 DUE TO / THE FACT THAT 
Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test.=> As long as you keep calm, you can pass your driving test.
He lost his money simple because he was not careful.	=> If he had been careful, he wouldn’t have lost money. 
18. ( S ) + REMEMBER + TO DO STH ( S ) + DON’T FORGET + TO DO STH
	Ex: Remember to check your flight number.	=> Don’t forget to check your flight number. 
	Ex : Don’t forget to make friends with her.	=> remember to make friends with her.
19. Immediately No sooner + Had + S + V3 +Than + S + past tense
 The moment 
 Just 
 As soon As Hardly + Had + S + V3 + When + S + V2
	Ex : Immediately after his appointment to the post , the new editor fell ill.
	=> No sooner had he appointed the post, the new editor fell ill.
	Ex : Just after solving the problem, I was faced with another.
	=> Hardly had I solved the problem, I was faced with another.
	Ex : She was wrong to think that her husband didn’t love her.
	=> Contrary to what she think, her husband didn’t love her. 
20. a. NO MATTER HOW + ADJ / ADV + S + V
 b. NO MATTER WHAT + S + V
 c. NO MATTER WHERE + S + V	
	Ex : It doesn’t whether you are busy or not, he always insits on coming with you.
	=> No matter how busy you are or not, he always insits on coming with you.
	Ex :Wherever he’s hiding, we must find him. We must find him wherever he is hiding.
21. S + V + SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT– CLAUSE
	Ex : I am very busy. I have no time to visit you I am so busy that I have no time to visit you.
22. S + V + SUCH ( A/AN ) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT _ CLAUSE
	Ex : He asked me such difficult questions that I couldn’t answer them.
Ex : Tea is very hot. They couldn’t drink it. It is such hot tea that they couldn’t drink it. 
Ex : She is very kind . Everybody loves her. She is such a kind girl that everybody loves her. 
23. S + V + SO MANY + Plural Countable NOUN + THAT – CLAUSE
	 	 SO MUCH + Singular Uncountable NOUN	
	Ex : He has so many books that he can’t read all of them.Ex : There was so much noise that I couln’t sleep.
24. IT + BE + NOT UNTIL  THAT - CLAUSE = cho ñeán  môùi
	Ex : He didn’t become a doctor until 1990.	=> It was not until 1990 that he became a doctor.
	Ex She won’t get married until 2008.	=> It is not until 2008 she will get married.
25. S + V + NOT ONLY + NOUN	 + BUT ALSO + NOUN
	 ADJECTIVE	 ADJECTIVE
	 ADVERB	 ADVERB
	 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE	 PRE.P PHRASE
 khoâng nhöõng  maø coøn
 0r S + NOT ONLY + VERB + BUT ALSO ( BUT  AS WELL ) + VERB 
	Ex : Robert is not only talented but also handsome.	Ex : Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
	Ex : Joln not only plays the piano but also composes music.
	Ex : She is not only beatiful but also kind. She is not only beatiful but kind as well.
26. BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( SUBJECT + VERB )
 BECAUSE OF + ADJECTIVE + NOUN
Ex : He is absent because he is sick . He is absent because of his sickness.
Ex : Because it rained heavily, they didn’t go to work. Because of the heavy rain, they didn’t go to work.
27. NOUN	 NOUN	 
 S + V + ADJECTIVE	 + AS WELL AS + ADJECTIVE
	 ADVERB	 	 ADVERB
	 PREP. PHRASE	 PREP. PHRASE
 ( CUÕNG NHÖ )
 or SUBJECT + V + AS WELL AS + VERB
	Ex : Robert is talented as well as handsome.	Ex : Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.
28. Causative Form: Theå sai khieán	
GET
SOMEONE
TO - Infinitive
HAVE
V(bare infinitive)
	EX : He got Daisy to move this chair away.
	Ex : They had me go to the market to buy some food.
GET
SOMETHING
V ed / V3
BY SOMEONE
HAVE
	Ex : She got her car repaired by Peter.	Ex : Why didn’t you have your house painted ?
 29. 	TOO + ADJ / ADV + TO – Infinitive
	Ex : He is too young to go to school. He is so young that he can’t go to school.
	Ex : You run too fast for me to keep pace with . You run so fast that I can’t keep pace with.
	ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + TO – Infinitive 
	ENOUGH + NOUN + TO - Infinitive
He is not old enough to get married.Ex : I don’t have enough money to invite her to eat at a five - star restaurant.
 31. 	SO + ADJ + AS + TO – Infinitive
	Ex : He was so foolish as to leave his family.	Ex : Would you be so good as to send my letter ?
.. *** 
DEREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
( CAÙC MÖÙC ÑOÄ SO SAÙNH CUÛA TÍNH TÖØ VAØ TRAÏNG TÖØ )
I / EQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SAÙNH BAÈNG )
S + V + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN )
	ADVERB
	Ex : Mai is as tall as Lan.	Ex : This house is as expensive as that one.
	Ex : She studies as hard as I.	Ex : They drive as carefully as we. 
* YÙ BAÈNG NHAU, NHÖ NHAU COÙ THỂ ÑÖÔÏC DIEÃN ÑAÏT CAÙCH KHAÙC:
S + V + THE SAME + ( NOUN ) + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN )
	Ex : My house is as high as his. My house is the same height as his.
	Ex : Tom is as old as Mary. Tom and Mary are the same age.
II / UNQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SAÙNH KHOÂNG BAÈNG )
S + BE + NOT + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN )
	NOT + V + SO	 ADVERB
	Ex : Mai is not as tall as Alice.	Ex : We are not so intelligent as they.
	Ex : He didn’t work as carefully as they last year.	Ex : I don’t speak English so fluently as you. 
III / SUPERIOR COMPARISONS ( SO SAÙNH HÔN ) 
A / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE AND ADERB 
	( SO SAÙNH HÔN VÔÙI TÍNH TÖØ NGAÉN VAØ TRAÏNG TÖØ NGAÉN ) 
 S1 + V + ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + S2
 ADVERB
	Ex : Alice is taller than Daisy.	Ex : She is better at cooking than I.
	Ex : They studied harder than we last school year.	Ex : He is very lazy. He studies worse than we.
B / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB 
	( SO SAÙNH HÔN VÔÙI TÍNH TÖØ DAØI VAØ TRAÏNG TÖ ØDAØI ) 
 S1 + V + MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN + S2
 ADVERB
	Ex : She is more beautiful than I.	Ex : They are more careful than we.
	Ex : They drive more dangerously than we.
B / INPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB 
	( SO SAÙNH KEÙM HÔN VÔÙI TÍNH TÖØ DAØI VAØ TRAÏNG TÖ ØDAØI ) 
 S1 + V + LESS + AJECTIVE + THAN + S2
 ADVERB
	Ex : He is less intelligent than Helen.	Ex : They sing less beautifully than Dan Truong.
* Note: LESS IS NOT USED IN SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB
 ( LESS khoâng ñöôïc duøng trong so saùnh hôn vôùi tính töø ngắn vaø traïng töø ngắn )
	Ex : Incorrect : This house is less large than that one. Correct : This house is not as large as that one.
IV / DOUBLE COMPARATIVES ( SO SAÙNH KEÙP )
1. S + V + ADJ / ADV + ER + AND + ADJ / ADV + ER
 ( Moãi ngaøy moät, caøng ngaøy caøng, moãi luùc moät  ) 
	Ex : Betty is younger and younger.	Ex : The river gets bigger and bigger.
2. S + V + MORE AND MORE + LONG ADJ / ADV
 ( Tính töø daøi, traïng töø daøi ) 
 ( Moãi ngaøy moät, caøng ngaøy caøng, moãi luùc moät  ) 	
	Ex : Her story was more and more attractive.	Ex : She becomes more and more beautiful. 
	Ex : They drive more and more carefully.
3. S + V + LESS AND LESS + LONG ADJ OR SHORT ADJ 
	 ( Caøng ngaøy caøng ít, caøng ngaøy caøng keùm, moãi luùc moät ít ) 
	Ex : The storm is less and less violent.	Ex : It is less and less cold.	Ex : He is less and less studious.
THE + ADJ + ER + S + V , THE + ADJ + ER + S + V 
 ( Loái naøy aùp duïng cho tính töø ngaén ) Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
	Ex : The older he gets, the weaker he is.	Ex : The wiser he is, the humble (khieâm nhöôøng) he is. 
5. THE MORE + ADJ + S + V , THE MORE + ADJ + S + V
 Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
 Ex : The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her parents are.
 Ex : The more miserable he is, the more diligent ( sieâng naêng, caân maãn, caàn cuø ) he becomes.
6. THE ADJ + ER + S + V , THE MORE + S + V + ADJ
 Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
	Ex : The heavier the coin is, the more it is worth.
7. THE MORE + S + V + THE + ADJ + ER + S + V
 Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
	Ex : The more we get together, the happier we ill be.	Ex : The more he worked, the richer he was.
8. THE MORE + S + V, THE + MORE + S + V
 Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
Ex : The more she knows him, the more she loves him.	Ex : The more my sister hates him, the more he loves her.
9. THE LESS + ADJ + S + V , THE LESS + ADJ + S + V
 Caøng  ( thì ) caøng 
	EX : The less diligent the boy is, the less progress he will make.
 ( Thaèng beù caøng ít sieâng naêng thí noù caøng ít tieán boä. )
V / SUPERLATIVES ( SO SAÙNH BAÄC NHAÁT )
10. SHORT ADJ / ADV + EST 
 S + V + THE + MOST + LONG ADJ / ADV + IN + N( ñeám ñöôïc soá ít) /
 LEAST + ADJ / ADV OF + Nø(ñeám ñöôïc soá nhieàu)
Ex : John is the tallest boy in the family.Ex : Mary is the shortest of the three sister.
Ex : These shoes are the least expensive of all. 
* EXCEPTIONAL CASES ( Caùc tröôøng hôïp ngoaïi leä ) 
1. good/ well	better	the best
2. bad/ badly	worse	the worst
3. many much	more	the most
4. little	less	the least
5. far	farther	the farthest	( veà khoaûng caùch )
	further	the furthest	( veà thôøi gian )
6. near	nearer	the nearest	( veà khoaûng caùch )
	the next ( veà thöù töï )
7. late	later	the latest ( veà thôøi gian )
	the last 	( veà thöù töï )
8. old	older	the oldest( veà tuoåi taùc )
	elder	the eldest ( veà caáp baäc hôn laø tuoåi taùc )
VI / SUMMARY (Toùm taét) COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1. One-syllable adjectives and adverbs: The - Er and –Est forms are added.
	(Ñoái vôùi tính töø vaø traïng töø moät vaàn ta theâm Er vaø Est vaøo sau)
 	old	older	the oldest
wise	wiser	the wisest
fast	faster	fastest
hard	harder	the hardest
happy	happier	the happiest
	busy	busier	the busiest
	hot	hotter	the hottest
	big	bigger	the biggest
	fat	fatter	the fattest
2. Two- syllable adjectives : for most two-syllable adjectives, more and most are used.
	( Tính töø hai vaàn : More and Most ñöôïc duøng )
	famous	more famous	the most famous
	pleasant	more pleasant	the most pleasant
* Some two – syllable adjectives use –Er/ - Est or More/ Most : able, angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour.
	( Moät soá tính töø hai vaàn duøng : Er/ - Est hoaëc More/ Most nhö : able, clever, common , cruel 
friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour.
	clever	cleverer	the cleverest
	more clever	the most clever
	gentle	gentler	the gentlest
	more gentle	the most gentle
	friendly	friendlier	the friendliest
	more friendly	the most friendly
3. Ajectives with three or more syllables : More and Most are used with long adjectives
	( Vôùi tính töø ba hoaëc nhieàu vaàn : More vaø Most ñöôïc duøng vôùi tính töø daøi )
	important	more important	the most important
	fascinating	more fascinating	the most fascinating
4. More and Most are used with adverbs the end–ly* .( More vaø Most ñöôïc duøng vôùi traïng töø coù taän cuøng ly*.
	carefully	more carefully	the most carefully
	slowly	more slowly	the most slowly 
5. Use More + Adjectives end with Suffixes : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -OUS
( Duøng More + Adjectives taän cuøng baèng caùc tieáp vò ngöõ nhö : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -OUS )
	more hated	 more useful	more boring	more continuous