Lý thuyết và bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 8

LESSON 1: PASSIVE VOICE
The Passive Voice
 1. Form: Active: S + V + O + . 
 	 Passive: S + be + V3/ed + (by O) + 
 Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.
 S V O
 Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend.
 S be V3/ed by O
 2. Rules Khi đổi từ chủ động sang bị động, ta chú ý các bước sau:
 a. Xác định S (Chủ ngữ), V (động từ), O (Tân ngữ ) và thì của động từ trong câu chủ động
 Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.
 S V1 O
 b. Đưa tân ngữ (O) lên làm chủ ngữ, chủ ngữ (S) xuống làm tân ngữ ,đặt sau by.
 Ex: (P) The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend.
 S by O
 c. Thêm động từ to be ( phù hợp với thì của động từ trong câu chủ động) và chuyển động từ chính sang V3/ed
 Ex: (P) The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend.
 be V3/ed
 3. Notes:
 a. Trong trường hợp có liên từ and và giờ từ of , ta phải xác định đầy đủ chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ khi chuyển đổi
 Ex:- Active: He and I see the film
 à Passive: The film is seen by him and me.
 - Active: He bought a box of chocolates last week
 à Passive: A box of chocolates was bought last week. 
 b. Trong câu chủ dộng: by O luôn đứng sau adverbs of place( trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn) và trước adverbs of time (trạng từ chỉ thời gian).
 Ex: (P) The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend.
 adv of place by O adv of time
 c. Trong câu bị động , ta có thể bỏ: by people, by us, by them, by someone.
 Ex: Passive: A new bridge has been built across the river (by them).
 d. Trong các thì có các trợ động từ (Auxiliary verbs) như: am/ is/ are, was/ were, has/ have, had
 Active: S + Aux + V + O + . 
 Passive: S + Aux + be + V3/ed + (by O) + 
 Ex: - Active: They have built a new bridge across the river.
 S Aux V O
 à Passive: A new bridge has been built across the river (by them).
 S Aux be V3 by O
 - Active: Mai was watching a cartoon at 8 o’clock last night.
 S Aux V O
 à Passive: A cartoon was being watched by Mai at 8 o’clock last night.
 S Aux be V-ed by O
Active
Passive
S + V1 + O
S + am/is/are + V3/ed
S + am/is/are + V-ing + O
S + am/is/are + being +V3/ed
S + has/have + V3/ed + O
S + has/have + been + V3/ed
S + V2/ed + O
S + was/were +V3/ed
S + was/were + V-ing + O
S + was/were + being +V3/ed
S + had + V3/ed + O
S + had + been + V3/ed
S + will/shall + Vo + O
S + will/shall + be +V3/ed
LESSON 2: EXERCISES (PASSIVE VOICE)
I/ Change these sentences into the passive voice
1. Somebody has robbed the bank near our house.
à...
2. Somebody told me to wait outside.
à...
3. Somebody has driven them to the airport.
à...
4. They will complete the new high way from north to south next year.
à...
5. My aunt made this sweater for her son.
à...
6. The television station has broadcast all the 22nd Sea-Games competitions.
à...
7. My teacher asked me to be here at 10 am.
à...
9. Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb.
à...
10. She makes coffee for her parents every day.
à...
II/ Put the verbs in parentheses into the correct active or passive voice
1. Last night my favorite program________________ (interrupt) by a special news bulletin.
2. When I______________ (arrive) at the airport yesterday, I______________ (meet) by my cousin and a couple of friends.
3. Kim______________ (write) this composition last week. That one ___________ (write) by Phi.
4. I don’t have my bicycle today. It’s with the repairman. It______________ (repair) right now.
5. Someone has bought the small lot behind my house and a new house_______________ (build) on it next year.
6. A: Do you understand the explanation in the book?
 B: No, I don’t. I_______________ (confuse).
7. A: When____________ your bike_______________ (steal)?
 B: Two days ago.
8. A:__________ you_____________ (pay) your electricity yet?
 B: No. I haven’t. but I’d better pay it today. If I don’t, my electricity supply ______________ (shut off) by the power company.
9. A: Did you hear about the accident?
 B: No. What________________ (happen)?
 A: A bicyclist_____________ (hit) by a taxi in front of the dorm.
 B: ___________ the bicyclist______________ (injure)?
 A: Yes. He_______________ (take) to City Hospital.
10. The Eiffel Tower_____________ (be) in Paris, France. It_____________ (visit) by millions of people every year. It________ (design) by Alexandre Eiffel (1832-1923). It_______________ (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition. Since that time, it_______________ (be) the most famous landmark in Paris. Today it______________ (recognize) by people throughout the world.
LESSON 3: PASSIVE OF MODAL VERBS + EXERCISES
Passive Voice of Modal Verbs
 Các động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verbs) như : can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, had better, would rather, have to, be going to, used to, ought to, . 
 Active: S + Modal Verbs + Vo + O + . 
 Passive: S + Modal Verbs + be + V3/ed + (by O) + 
 Ex: - Active: Nam can do this exercise right now.
 S M.V Vo O
 à Passive: This exercise can be done by Nam right now.
 S M.V be V3 by O
 - Active: People are going to solve the problem next month.
 S modal verb Vo O
 à Passive: The problem is going to be solved (by people) next month.
 S modal verb be V-ed by O
EXERCISES
 Change these sentences into the passive voice
1. People should send their complaints to the main office.
à...
2. Somebody might steal your car if you had left the keys in it.
à...
3. A short circuit could cause the fire.
à...
4. Lan is going to invite her friends to her birthday party.
à...
5. Lien couldn’t open the door of the classroom.
à...
6. They should announce that news as soon as possible.
à...
7. Phong has to return the scientific book to the library.
à...
8. People must repair that old building.
à...
9. The government will rebuild the memorial monument.
à...
10. The students may elect Phong their leader.
à...
11. The teacher won’t accept papers written in pencils.
à...
12. The athletes might visit some interesting places after Sea-Games.
à...
13. Lan’s parents have to clean up their house before Tet holidays.
à...
14. The principal might interview her.
à...
15. They must keep fruit in the fridge for long.
à...
LESSON 4: SPECIAL PASSIVE VOICE + EXERCISES
I. Thể bị động của câu phủ định và nghi vấn:
 Ex: - (A) Mai doesn’t write this letter.
 à(P) This letter isn’t written by Mai.
 - (A) They didn’t watch the fashion show last night.
 à(P) The fashion show wasn’t watched last night.
 - (A) Did your father make this chair?
à(P) Was this chair made by your father?
 - (A) Who repaired your bicycle?
à(P) Whom was your bicycle repaired by?
 (By whom was your bicycle repaired?)
 - (A) What plays did Shakespeare write?
à(P) What plays were written by Shakespeare?
II. Động từ có 2 tân ngữ:
 1. Động từ cần giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show,  
 Ex: - (A) John will give me this book. (=John will give this book to me.)
	à(P1) I will be given this book by John.
 à(P2) This book will be given to me by John.
 2. Động từ cần giới từ FOR: buy, make, get, 
 Ex: - (A) He bought her a rose. (=He bought a rose for her.)
	à(P1) She was bought a rose.
	à(P2) A rose was bought for her.
III. Cấu trúc They/People say/think/believe that 
 Ex: - (A) People say that Henry eats ten eggs a day.
	à(P1) It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day.
	à(P2) Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day.
	 - (A) They thought that Mary had gone away.
	à(P1) It was thought that Mary had gone away.
	à(P2) Mary was thought to have gone away.
IV. Các đại từ bất định: No one, Nobody, Nothing,..
 Ex: - (A) No one can answer this question.
	 à(P) This question can’t be answered.
	 - (A) They haven’t done anything.
	 à(P) Nothing has been done.
EXERCISES
 Change these sentences into the passive voice
1. Nobody sent us any tickets.à ...
2. Has someone decorated my bedroom?à...
3. Did anything disturb you in the night?à...
4. Nobody has invited her to the party.à...
5. She teaches grammar and writing.à...
6. People say that you send your application form to the university.
à...
7. They elect Thu the leader of the group.à...
8. I don’t see anyone in the house.à...
9. Lan bought her brother some comic books.à...
10. The students don’t play video games on the weekend.
à....
11. They believed that he went abroad to study English.
à...
LESSON 2: RELATIVE CLAUSES 
I. Mệnh đề tính ngữ hay mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa được nối bằng các đại từ qua hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
1. WHO: thay thế cho người , làm chủ ngữ trong các MĐQH.
 Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
 - The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
 àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister.
2. WHOM: thay thế cho người làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
 Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 à I know the girl whom I spoke to.
 - The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 à The man whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
3. WHICH: thay thế cho vật , có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề QH.
 Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 à She works for a company which makes cars.
 - The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
4. THAT: thay thế cho người và vật , làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề QH.
 Ex: - I need to meet the boy that is my friend’s son.
 - The woman that is standing over there is my sister.
 - I know the girl that I spoke to.
 - The man that your father is talking to is my teacher.
 - She works for a company that makes cars.
 - The elephants that people keep in iron cages are big.
5. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
 Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
 - This is the student. I borrowed his book.
 àThis is the student whose book I borrowed.
6. WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chi nơi chốn: there, at that place. 
 Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 à The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
7. WHY: thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lý do: for that reason.
 Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.	
 à Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
8. WHEN: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian: then, at that time, on that day.
 Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 à Do you remember the day when we first met?
DANH Từ
chủ ngữ
Tân ngữ
sở hữu
Ngươì 
WHO/THAT
WHO(M)/THAT
WHOSE
Vật
WHICH/THAT
WHICH/THAT
WHOSE/OF WHICH
Nơi chốn
WHERE
Lý do
WHY
Thời gian
WHEN
II. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề mệnh đề : (WHOM/WHICH)
 Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
 à The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
 - The house is for sale. I was born in it.
 à The house in which I was born is for sale.
 * Lưu ý : KHông dùng that sau giới từ : The house in that I was born is for sale.
III. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
 Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
 - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
 à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
LESSON 24: EXERCISES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
I/ Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete the sentence
1. That’s my friend_______________ comes from Japan.
 A. which 	B. who 	C. whom 	D. where.
2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
 A. are 	B. be 	C. is 	D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
 A. who	B. which 	C. that’s 	D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
 A. that 	B. which 	C. whom 	D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
 A. that 	B. whom 	C. which 	D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
 A. I 	B. whom I 	C. which I 	D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
 A. where 	B. when 	C. which 	D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
 A. that 	B. where 	C. which 	D. ỉ
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
 A.	ỉ	B. where 	C. she 	D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books _____________ are due this week.
 A. ỉ 	B. that 	C. when 	D. they
II/ Complete the sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl chatted with him yesterday. She arrived here at 6:30.
à...
2. The man is talking to my father.He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
à...
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
à...
4. The young man lives in the corner. He rides an expensive motorbike.
à...
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
à...
6. I will introduce the man to you. He is sharing the flat with me.
à...
7. The young man is talking to our teacher. He is Ba’s brother.
à...
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
à...
9. The boys are interested in football. It is a popular game all over the world.
à...
10. The boy gave his parents big hugs before he left. He went abroad to study.
à...
11. My friends had so much fun at the festival. They wanted to go there again.
à...
12. Children like to eat ice-cream. It can cause toothache. 
à...
 LESSON 25: Definite & non-definite RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Definite Relative Clauses
 Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nhưng chưa được xác định rõ . Nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa
 Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
 à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses
 Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ , là phần giải thích thêm. Nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. Mệnh đề này thường được tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy “,”.
 Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
- Trước danh từ quan hệ có : this/that/these/those/my/her/his/
- Từ quan hệ là tên riêng hoặc danh từ riêng .
 Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
 à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
 - Mr Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
 à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
 * Lưu ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
	Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
III. Relative Pronoun THAT
 * Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
a. Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
 Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
 b. Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody,.
 Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
 c. Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất , ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY:
 Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
 - All that is mine is yours.
 - You are the only person that can help us.
 d. Trong cấu trúc It + be +  + that  (chính là)
 Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
 (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết lá thư này.)
 * Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
 - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (xem lưu ý mục II)
 - Sau giới từ (xem Lưu ý Lesson 5 mục II) 
EXERCISES
I/ Underline the relative clauses in the sentences. Then add commas to separate the Non-restrictive relative clauses.
1. The man who is talking to the principal is our form teacher.
2. The boys who are sitting in the first row will receive the medals.
3. The students who are in the grade 10th are going to clean the school yard.
4. The animals which are kept in iron cages will be carried back to the forest
5. Mr Tan who is our gymaster is very thin and tall.
6. The book which we borrowed from the library must be returned by Monday
7. The little boy who is crying over there lost his way.
8. Mrs Van who lives next door to Hoa works at the television station.
9. The dog which has some black spots is Ba’s.
10. My mother bought the shoes which were made from Hong Kong.
II/ Combine the two sentences by using a relative clause. Some clauses need commas, some do not:
1. The lady is a famous writer. You met her at the party last night.
à...
2. The child enjoyed the chocolates. Her mother bought them from France.
à...
3. Dr Oley is our family’s dentist. He is a popular dentist in the city.
à...
4. They drank a lot of Coke. It is diet Coke.
à...
5. The river is the Sai Gon River. It flows through Ho Chi Minh City.
à...
6. The girls are performing the play. They rehearsed it yesterday.
à...
7. Their parents are anxious about their children. The children come back late
à...
8. The lecturer is my uncle. He gave an interesting talk on TV last night.
à...
9. The student kept talking about the project. It was done last week.
à...
10. Mr Phong hasn’t come yet. He is supposed to be at the meeting.
à...
11. Lan went back home. She forgot to turn off the faucet.
à...
LESSON 27: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF SENTENCES)
I. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type 1
 Ex: If I finish my homework, I will go to the concert
 (= I will go to the concert if I finish my homework.) 
 * If clause: If I finish my homework, 
 * Main clause: I will go to the concert 
 1. Form If + S + V1.., S + will + Vo..
 2. Use :Diễn tả 1 điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai II. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences):
 II. Type 2 
 1. Form If + S + V2/ed..., S + would/could + Vo
 (be à were)
 2. Use 
 Diễn tả 1 điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại ,những sự việc trái với dự thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc hoàn toàn không thể xảy ra ở tương lai, những mong ước viển vông
 Ex: - If he had much time, he would help you.
 (He doesn’t have much time now)
 - If I were in your position, I could do that.
 (I am not in your position now)
III. Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type 3
 1. Form If + S + had + V3/ed.., S + would/could + have + V3/ed.. 
 2. Use 
 Diễn tả 1 điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ, diễn tả những tình huống trái với thực tế trong quá khứ
Ta thường dùng câu điều kiện loại 3 để nói về sự nuối tiếc 
 Ex: If we had studied hard last year, we would have got good marks.
 (We didn’t study hard last year and we didn’t get good marks)
 * Summary:
Type
If clauses
Main clauses
1
If + S + V1..,
S + will + Vo
2
If + S + V2/ed..,
 (be à were)
S + would/could + Vo
3
If + S + had + V3/ed..,
S + would/could + have + V3/ed.
IV. Mixed Conditionals
 If clause Main clause
 Past Perfect	Present Conditional ( would /should+V)
Trong câu điều kiện hỗn hợp , mệnh đề điều kiện diễn tả sự việc trái sự thật trong quá khứ trong khi mệnh đề chính diễn tả sự việc trái sự thật trong hiện tại
 Eg. If I had had breakfast, I wouldn't be so hungry now
V. Notes
1. Unless: “If  not” có thể thay thế bằng “UNLESS” (trừ phi):
 Ex: - We will be late if we don’t hurry.
à We will be late unless we hurry.
	 - If I have time, I’ll help you.
à Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
 2. Inversion: Bỏ IF trong 3 loại câu điều kiện (phải có đảo ngữ với SHOULD/WERE/HAD):
 Ex: - If it should be necessary, I will go.
 à Should it be necessary, I will go.
 Ex: - If I were rich, I would buy a new car.
 à Were I rich, I would buy a new car.
 Ex: - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer.
 à Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer.
 3. Một số từ/cụm từ có thể thay cho IF với nghĩa tương ứng : provided that; so(as) long as (miễn là); in case (trong trong trường hợp); on condition that (với điều kiện là)
 Ex: You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back.
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LESSON 28: EXERCISES (IF SENTENCES)
I/ Delete the incorrect verb form.
1. I’ll s