Lý thuyết và bài tập Phrasal verbs

E 12 - PHRASAL VERBS
A/ Trong tiếng Anh hiện đại, người ta hay dùng một hay hai particle (giới từ hay trạng từ ) sau động từ để có được sự khác nhau về ý nghĩa. Ví dụ: - give away = give sth to someone/anyone ( Cho ai , tặng ai cái gì ) 
 = to make known sth that sb wants to keep secret ( thổ lộ, tiết lộ ra, tố giác ra ) 
 - give up = abandon (a habit or attempt) ( từ bỏ moat thói quen, moat nổ lực ) 
 - look after = take care of ( Chăm sóc)
 - look for = search for, seek ( tìm kiếm)
 - look out = beware ( Hãy cẩn thận, coi chừng )
B/ Cĩ hai loại : 
Verbs + Particle + Object
 Intransitive
PHRASAL VERBS
 Transitive
 Noun 
 Pronoun
Verbs + + particle + Noun
 (on , off, up, down, in, out, away) 
Verbs + Particle + Object
 ( inseparable Phr. Verbs)
 a/ intransitive phrasal verbs ( không có object) 
 EX: The plane will take off at 15:00.
 b/ Transitive phrasal verbs ( có object – danh từ hoặc đại từ ) 
 + Inseparable transitive phrasal verbs ( Pharsal verbs khơng thể tách ra – Object luơn ở sau particle)
 Ex: We are looking for my key. ( Wrong: We are looking my key for )
 + Separable transitive phrasal verbs ( Pharsal verbs cĩ thể tách ra )
 à Phrasal verbs thường cĩ thể tách được khi particles là: on , off, up, down, in, out, away
 Nếu Object là danh từ, nĩ cĩ thể đặt ở sau hay giữa phrasal verbs) 
 Ex: Remember to turn off the lights when going out. 
 Remember to turn the lights off when going out. 
 Nếu Object là một đại từ (me, us, it, them, you him, her ) thi nĩ luơn được đặt ở giữa phrsal verb )
 Ex: Please turn it off. ( Wrong : Please turn off it )
Phrasal verbs 
take after (sb) : look like; resemble : giống 
take sth/sb on: (of a bus, plane or ship) to allow sb/sth to enter: cho ai lên xe, tàu 
take up: learn or start doing sth: bắt đầu làm điều gì 
take off: a/ to remove sth, especially a piece of clothing from your/sb's body: cởi bỏ ( mủ , quần áo) ≠ put on 
 b/ to leave the ground and begin to fly : ( máy bay) cất cánh 
take sth off sth: to remove an amount of money or a number of marks, points, etc. in order to reduce the total: rút bớt (tiền, điểm ) cho ít đi
 take (sth) in : thu nạp, hiểu, nhớ được điều gì 	
Take part in: participate in: to be involved in: tham gia
Take sth out: vay tiền của ngân hàng 
take sth away: gỡ bỏ, làm mất buồn phiền đau đớn 
take over: đảm nhận vị trí ( của ai), đảm trách công việc
take place: diễn ra, xảy ra theo kếâ hoạch.
12. put up with : tolerate: chịu đựng 
 Ex: I'm not going to put up with their smoking any longer.
go off : + nổ ; vang lên Ex: The bomb went off in a crowded street. + đi làm điều gì Ex: He went off to get a drink. + thực phẩm, nước uồng hư hỏng; chất lượng xấu đi Ex: You shouldn’t drink it. It goes off.
go out : tắt ( đèn lửa) 
go away: đi xa ( qua 01 đêm trở lên ) 
go over : ôn lại bài; xem lại, kiểm tra lại 
look after sb / sth: chăm sóc 
look up : tra tìm từ , vấn đề gì trong tự điền, trong sách . 
look up to sb: to admire or respect sb : ngưỡng mộ ai
look up at sth: ngước nhìn lên cái gì ( V+ pre.)
put on: mặc quần áo, đeo, mang 
put sth out : Bỏ  ra ngoài - Ex: I put the rubbish out. 
put off= delay: hoãn lại 
 Ex: He keeps putting off going to the dentist.
turn ( sth ) on : mở đèn , ..
turn (sth) off : tắt 
turn up: xuất hiện , đến 
 Ex: Do you think many people will turn up? 
turn down: refuse: từ chối, bác bỏ khơng xrm xét đơn  
 : vặn nhỏ âm thanh, thiết bị .
 Ex: Why did she turn down your invitation?
 Please turn the volume down.
try sb / sth out : thử nghiệm, dùng thử xem có tốt hay không. Ex: They're trying out a new presenter for the show. 
try sth on : mặc thử, mang thử xem có vừa không 
 Ex: Try the shoes on before you buy them.
hold sth / sb up : ( often passive): làm hoãn , cản trở sự tiến triển , di chuyển  
 Ex: *An accident is holding up traffic. 
get over sth: overcome: vượt qua, thắng được 
 Ex: She can’t get over her shyness.
catch up with : bắt kip, đuổi theo kip 
keep up with: theo kip ai, nắm bắt kip thông tin; vẫn tiếp tục liên lạc với ai 
keep sth up: tiếp tục duy trì mức độ 
 Ex: The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.
cool sb off / down: làm cho ai bình tĩnh lại 
speak up : nói to lên
Bring sth out: make sth noticable
 Ex: A crisis can bring out the best and the worst in people. 
bring sth back: to remind : gợi nhớ 
Bring sb in sth / bring in sth : to make or earn a particular amount of money: kiếm tiền, thu nhập 
Ex:* His freelance work brings him in about $20000 a year. 
bring sth about: to make sth happen= cause: gây ra
 Ex: What brought about the change in his attitude?
bring sth off : to succeed in doing sth difficult: Đạt được thành công ( qua khó khăn) 
 Ex: * It was a difficult task but we brought it off. 
 The goalie brought off a superb save 
wash up / wash sth up: to wash plates, glasses,  after a meal: rửa chén 
calm (sb / sth) down : bình tĩnh – làm ai bình tĩnh
bring (sb) up ( often in passive): to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc: chăm sóc , dạy dỗ 
 Ex: * She brought up five children.
 * He was brought up by his aunt. 
take sth down: to write sth down: a/ ghi chép; 
 Ex: * Reporters took down every word of his speech
 b/ to remove a structure: tháo dỡ - 
 Ex: * The students are taking the tent down before leaving. 
wake sb up : làm ai tỉnh táo / đánh thức ai 
 Ex: A cold shower will soon wake you up.
Take advantage of : tận dụng , lợi dụng .
 Ex: * We took full advantage of the hotel facilities. * She took advantage of the children's absence to tidy their rooms.
give up : [nopassive] to stop doing or having sth: từ bỏ Ex: She didn't give up work when she had the baby.
go on: tiếp tục 
go up ≠ go down: lên giá ≠ xuống giá
20. go after sb: to chase or follow sb: chạy theo; đuổi theo 
stay on : tiếp tục làm  = keep on; carry on 
fall behind sb/sth : không theo kịp mức độ với ai, rớt lại phía sau  Ex: She soon fell behind the leaders. 
give in (to sb / sth) : đầu hàng , chịu thua 
 Ex: The rebels (quân nổi loạn) were forced to give in. 
wait up : hãy chậm lại, chờ 
 Ex: Wait up – you're walking too fast for me.
wait up for sb: thức khuya chờ ai. 
 Ex: I'll be back very late so don't wait up for me.
grow up : trưởng thành 
watch out ( for sth / sb): coi chừng ! 
 Ex: Watch out! There's a car coming!
fill sth in (out): điền đơn 
break down : máy móc hư; thất bại 
 Ex: The telephone system has broken down. 
 * The car broke down on the freeway. 
 *Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
set off ( for) : to begin a journey: khởi hành chuyến đi
 Ex: We set off for London just after ten.
drop out (of sth) : bỏ cuộc: He drooped out of the English class . * She started an engineering degree but dropped out after only a year.
show sth / sb off: khoe khoang 
 Ex: She wanted to show off her new dress at the party.
cross sth out : gạch bỏ chữ sai 
close sth down : ngừng hoạt động ( kinh doanh)
Ex: All the firms around here were closed down in the 1980s.
move in / into sth: bắt đầu chuyển vào (nhà mới) để ở 
 doze off : go to sleep: đi ngủ - 
 Ex: She dozed off in front of the fire.
see sb off: tiễn ai đi xa 
give sth away to sb : tặng cái gì cho ai 
give sth/sb away: tiết lộ bí mật ; tiết lộ tâm tư của ai 
 Ex: She gave away state secrets to the enemy 
 Her eyes when she said gave her away.
give sb back sth / give sth back to sb : trả gì cho ai 
hand sth in ( to sb): giao nộp 
 Ex: Please give your work in before Monday.
turn round/ around : quay lại 
Ex: Turn around and let me look at your back.
 make oneself / sb up: trang điểm
Ex: She always makes up when going to the office.
 make sth up: tạo nên,nghĩ ra điều gì;bịa ra câu chuyện 
 Ex: *They made up a little poem and wrote it in the card.
 *Women make up 40 per cent of the workforce.
 * She always makes up a story for her lateness. 
make sth out : + to write out or complete a form or document: viết ra hoặc điền vào .
 Ex: * He made out a cheque for pound100. 
+ make sth out:to understand sth; to see the reasons for sth:
 Hiểu được Ex: I can't make out what she wants
 show sb round: hướng dẫn ai thăm quan 
 Ex: Has anyone shown you round yet? 
try sth on: thử - Try the shoes on before you buy them.
Phrasal verbs
I. Định nghĩa: 
Phrasal verb( cụm động từ ) là sự kết hợp của động từ và giới từ hoặc trạng từ
Eg: V+ prep: look for
 V+ adv: get away
 V+ adv+ prep: catch up with
II. Phân loại:
_ Separable phrasal verb: ( cụm động từ cĩ thể tách ra được ). Với loại này tân ngữ cĩ thể được đặt giữa động từ và tiểu từ(adv/ adj) hoặc ngay sau tiểu từ ( adv/adj)
Eg: Please put on the coat before going out
 = Please put the coat on before going out
Khi tân ngữ là đại từ, đại từ phải đứng giữa động từ và tiểu từ
Eg: Throw it away ( Throw away it)
Inseparable phrasal verb: ( cụm động từ khơng thể tách ra được ). Với loại này tân ngữ luơn đi sau tiểu từ( adj / adv)
Eg: Please look after the baby while I am out
III. Some popular phrasal verbs:
Lay down: đề ra
Result in: đưa đến
Wash away: cuốn trơi đi, quét sạch
Set out: trình bày
Carry out: tiến hành 
Stand for: là chữ viết tắt của
Look up: tra từ
Bring sb up: nuơi dưỡng
Let sb down: làm ai thất vọng 
Make up: bịa ( chuyện)
 Put off : trì hỗn
Put on/ put off: mặc vào / cởi ra
Take away : mang đi
 Try on: thử quần áo
Turn on/ Turn off: bật lên/ tắt đi
Work out: giải quyết/ lên kế hoạch
Break down: hỏng
Break up: chia tay
 Get away : chạy trốn
Go down: hạ ( giá cả)
Hold on: chờ ( máy điện thoại)
Pass away : chết
Pas out : bất tỉnh
Set off/ Set out: khởi hành
Stand out: nổi bật 
Take off: cất cánh
Catch up with : đạt được trình độ ngang bằng/ đuổi , theo kịp
Come up against: đương đầu với khĩ khăn
 Come up with: nghĩ ra
 Face up to : đối mặt ( khĩ khăn)
Fall in with: đồng ý
Get along / on with: cĩ mối quan hệ tốt
Get out of : thốt khỏi
 Look up to : kính trọng
Make up for: đền bù
 Put up with: chịu đựng
Run out of: hết
 Stand up for: ủng hộ 
Stand up to: chống đối
Fill in: điền thơng tin
Give up : bỏ / từ bỏ
Go on: tiếp tục
Turn round:
Lie down: nằm nghỉ
Go away:
Turn up: đến / xuất hiện
Look after:chăm sĩc
Take after:giống với
Get over:vượt qua
Hold up:bị đình trệ
Go off: nổ
Try out: thử 
Ask for: địi hỏi
Call on: viếng thăm
Cary on: tiếp tục 
Knock on: làm ngã, phá huỷ
Live on: sống dựa vào
Look down on: coi thường
Look forward to: mong đợi
Come about: xảy ra
Come across: tình cờ gặp
Come up: xảy ra/ xuất hiện
Dress up: ăn mặc sang trọng
Drop in: ghé thăm
Go out : (đèn tắt)
Put in for: tham gia
Put off : hỗn lại
Put up ưith : chịu đựng
Sell out: bán hết
Send for: cho mời đến
Settle down: ổn định cuộc sống
Sort out: sắp xếp, lựa chọn
Take over: đảm nhận
Think over: suy nghĩ cẩn thận
@Exercise I/ Choose the most appropriate preposition to fill in each blank.
up after on off in
1. I’d like to listen to some music. Would you please turn the radio.................?
2. Please try to give....... smoking. It is not good for your health.
3. Don’t put............. your homework anymore. The deadline is coming.
4. When I was young, my uncle looked........... me because my parents were abroad.
5. Before you enter the class, you need to fill ........this form so that we can have your personal information.
1/ on	2/ up	3/ off	4/ after	5/ in
@Exercise II. Choose one of the following phrasal verbs to complete the sentneces
look up	look after	find out	go on
turn down	give up	grow up 	break down
We'll buy a smaller house when the children	and left home.
The computer isn't working - it	this morning.
It was not problem. We	his number in the telephone book.
Who 	the cats when we go away on holiday?
I	____________ where he lived by checking in the local library.
My headaches have been much better since I	drinking coffee.
'What	here? What are you doing?'
I_____________ their offer because they weren't going to pay me enough money
1/ grow up	2/ broke down	3/ look up	4/ will look after	
5/ found out	6/ gave up	7/ is going on	8/ turned down
@Exercise III- Choose from the four options given(marked A,B,C or D) one best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The driver skidded and .a dog. 
 A. ran 	B. ran in to 	C. ran after 	D. ran over
2. Aren’t you going to the dressbefore you buy it?
 A. try/ X 	B. try/ up 	C. try/ on 	D. try /in
3. I’m sorry, sir. But you’ve already worn these dress. That’s why we can’tit..
 A. take/ back 	B. take /after 	C. take/ in 	 D. take/ again
4. Are you telling the truth? Or are you . this story.
 A. making 	B. making up 	C. making for 	 D. doing
5. Perhaps important supplies of food and minerals were suddenly.
 A. cut out 	B. cut off 	C. cut down 	 D. cut back
	6. His alarm clock is always set for six o'clock. He arises at the same time every day.
 A. turns off	B. gets up	C. puts on
	7. She telephoned her friend to tell him about the meeting. They decided to drive there together.
 A. turned on	B. took off	C. called up
8 	Some old friends of mine visited us last night.	
 A. called on	B. called up	C. wore out
9.	Fortunately, Marie is associating well with her new co-workers.
 A. calling on	B. talking over	C. getting along with
@Exercise IV. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the phrasal verb in brackets. You may have to change the form.
1. Peter is just like his father! (take after)
Peter .	____________
 2. Quite by chance, Brenda met Philip at the station, (run into) 
 Brenda	 ________________________________________________________________.
 3. Tina's car stopped working on the way to Scotland, (break down) 
 Tina's car _______________________________________________________________.
4. Ruth's party has been postponed until next month, (put off)
Ruth's party __________________________________________________________________	.
5. It would be a good idea to stop drinking coffee, (give up)
It would be a good idea _______________________________________________________	.
6. I saw their number in the phone directory, (look up)
I ______________________________________________________________________
7. We offered them £250,000 for the house but they refused our offer, (turn down)
We offered them £250,000 for the house_________________________________________	.
 8. It took me a long time to recover from my illness, (get over)
It took me_________________________________________________________
 9. I’m thinking about my next holiday with pleasure. (look)
 I’m looking forward _________________________________________________
10. You don’t need to wear your rain coat. it is so hot here. ( take)
You can ________________________________________________________