Lý thuyết và bài tập Câu trực tiếp - Gián tiếp

CÂU TRỰC TIẾP - GIÁN TIẾP
Lý thuyết.
- Lời nói gián tiếp là tường thuật lại ý của người nói.
Cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp:
Thay đổi thỡ của động từ.
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
HTT ( is/are/ am)
QKT (was/were)
HTTD ( is/are/am + V- ing)
QKTD(was/were + V- ing)
TLT ( Will )
TL trong QK ( Would )
Can
Could / be able to
Shall
Should
Must
Had to / would have to
Have to
Had to
Will
Would 
Thay đổi chủ ngữ, tõn ngữ, đại từ sở hữu.
ngụi thứ nhất: (I, we, me, mine, us, our) được đổi sang ngụi thứ ba ( He, She, It, They, him/ her, his/ hers, its, their, them).
*eg: Jane said,” I live in the suburbs”
 -> Jane said that she lived in the suburbs.
ngụi thứ hai ( You, your, yours ) được đổi theo ngụi của tõn ngữ trong mệnh đề tường thuật.
*eg: He said to me,” You can take my book”
 -> He said me that I could take his book.
ngụi thứ ba ( He, She, It, They, him, his, her ,them ,their) giữ nguyờn( khụng đổi).
*eg: Mary says,” They come to help the pupils.”
 -> Mary said that they came to help the pupils. 
3.Trạng từ chỉ thời gian .
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
now
then
ago
before
today
that day
tonight
that day
tomorrow
the next day/ following day
yesterday
the day before
last week/month/year
the previous week/month/year
next week/month/year
the following week/month/year
	*eg: - “I’m going now”. He said
 -> He said he was going then.
 - She said “ I was at Hue yesterday”.
 -> She said that she had been at Hue the day before.
Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
here
there
this
that
these
those
*eg:- He said, ”Put the books here”
 -> He told me to put the books there.
 - Tom said to me,” I’ll meet you this Friday”
 -> He told me that he would meet me that Friday.
III. Câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp
Trong lời nói gián tiếp loại câu này được bắt đầu bằng động từ: asked, told, ordered
Eg: -“ Hurry up, Lan”
-> He told Lan to hurry up.
- “ Shut the door”
-> He ordered them to shut the door.
- “ Don’t leave the room”.
-> He told them not to leave the room.
 * Công thức:,
 TT:“V + O” => GT: S + told/ordered/asked + to-inf + O
TT“Don’t/ doesn’t + V + O” => GT:S + asked/told + not + to-inf + O
IV. Cõu nghi vấn
Yes/ No – questions
Trong lời núi giỏn tiếp loại cõu hỏi này được mở đầu bằng cỏc động từ “ ask, wonder ” và theo sau cú “if/ whether”.
*eg: - “ Have you seen that film?” he told her
 -> He asked if she had seen that film.
 - “ Will Tom be here tomorrow?.” She told
 -> She wonder whether Tom would be there the day after.
* Cụng thức:
 TT: S + tell / told + “ Do/does/was/will/are/is.. + S + V + O ?”
 GT => S + asked/wondered + (O) + If/ whether + S + V(lựi thỡ) + O.
2. Wh – questions ( who,what, where, why, when,how much/ many/ long” trong cõu giỏn tiếp loại cõu này được mở đầu bằng cỏc động từ “ ask, require, wonder,..”
* eg: - “ What time does the film begin?.”
 -> He asked what time the film begun.
 - “ What will you do tomorrow?
 -> She wondered what I would do the next day.
* Cụng thức:
TT: S + tell/ told + “ wh- qs + ( do/was/will).. . + S + V + O ?”
GT :S + asked/wondered + (O) + wh – qs + S + V(lựi thỡ) + O.
Cõu tường thuật (hay cũn gọi là cõu núi giỏn tiếp) là cỏch núi mà ta dựng để tường thuật hay kể lại cho ai đú nghe những gỡ người khỏc núi hoặc đang núi.
 1. Khi chuyển một cõu từ trực tiếp sang giỏn tiếp cần thay đổi những thành phần cơ bản sau:
a. Thỡ của động từ:
Thỡ của cỏc động từ trong lời núi giỏn tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyờn tắc chung là lựi về quỏ khứ (Note: nếu động từ dẫn ở cõu giỏn tiếp là thỡ hiện tại thỡ thỡ của động từ trong cõu giỏn tiếp khụng thay đổi so với cõu trực tiếp)
Thỡ trong Lời núi trực tiếp -> Thỡ trong Lời núi giỏn tiếp
Hiện tại đơn  
( S  + Vs/es  ) -> Quỏ khứ đơn  S +  Vqk
Hiện tại tiếp diễn
( S + is/am/are  + V_ing ) -> Quỏ khứ tiếp diễn ( S + was/were  + V_ing )
Hiện tại hoàn thành 
( S + has/ have  + PII ) -> Quỏ khứ hoàn thành ( S + had  + PII )
Quỏ khứ đơn
S +  Vqk ->  Quỏ khứ hoàn thành  ( S + had  + PII )
Is/am/are going to do -> Was/were going to do
Can/may/must do -> Could/might/had to do
Must -> Had to
Will -> Would
b. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn (Nếu cú)
Trực tiếp -> Giỏn tiếp
This -> That
Tomorrow -> The next day / the following day
These -> Those
Yesterday -> The day before / the previous day
Here   -> There
Last + danh từ thời gian
Ex: Last week
The previous +danh từ thời gian/ the + danh từ thời gian + before
→ The previous week/ the week before
Now -> Then
Next + danh từ thời gian
Ex: Next week
The following/ The next + danh từ thời gian
→The following/ the next week
Today -> That day
 Ago
Before
c. Thay đổi cỏc đại từ nhõn xưng, tớnh từ sở hữu..... (Nếu cú)
Đại từ nhõn xưng (Chủ ngữ) -> Tõn ngữ   -> Tớnh từ sở hữu -> Đại từ sở hữu
I –> he/she We –> they You –> I/ we, he, she
me -> him/ her us -> them you -> me/ him/ her
my ->his/ her our -> their your -> my
mine ->his/ her ours -> theirs yours -> mine
2. Chuyển cõu từ trực tiếp sang giỏn tiếp cú thể chia thành 3 nhúm cơ bản như sau:
a.  Cõu trần thuật:
b. Cõu hỏi:
* Yes/ No questions:
=> Giỏn tiếp: S + asked/ wanted to know... + if/ whether + S+ V (lựi 1 thỡ so với cõu trực tiếp)
* Wh- questions:
=> Giỏn tiếp: S + asked/ wanted to know... + Wh- word + S+ V (lựi 1 thỡ so với cõu trực tiếp)
c. Một số cấu trỳc đi với to V/ Ving:
* Một số cấu trỳc đi với to V:
Cõu trực tiếp
Cõu giỏn tiếp
Cõu mệnh lệnh, đề nghị
S + asked/ told/ ordered (sbd) + (not) to V
Cõu mời (Would you like......?)
S + invited/ offered (sbd) + to V
Lời khuyờn (should/ had better/ If I were you.../ Why don’t you)
S + advised (sbd) + (not) to V
Lời hứa
S + promised + (not) to V
...................
* Một số cấu trỳc đi với Ving:
Congartulated...........on
Apologised for
Accused ........of
Dreamed of
Thanked.....for
Insisted on                                                     + V_ing
Looked forward to
Admitted
Suggested
Think of
Denied
Prevented........from                                         
Stop ...........from
Warn .......against
3. Cỏc dạng đặc biệt của cõu hỏi trong lời núi giỏn tiếp
a. Shall/ would dựng để diễn t ả đề nghi, lời mời:
Vớ dụ:
Trực tiếp: "Shall I bring you some tea?" he asked.
Giỏn tiếp: He offered to bring me some tea.
Trực tiếp: "Shall we meet at the theatre?" he asked.
Giỏn tiếp: He suggested meeting at the theatre.
b. Will/would dựng để diễn tả sự yờu cầu:
Vớ dụ:
Trực tiếp: Will you help me, please?
Giỏn tiếp: He ashed me to help him.
Trực tiếp: Will you lend me your dictionary?
Giỏn tiếp: He asked me to lend him my dictionary.
c. Cõu mệnh lệnh và cõu yờu cầu trong lời núi giỏn tiếp.
Vớ dụ:
Trực tiếp: Go away!
Giỏn tiếp: He told me/The boys to go away.
Trực tiếp: Listen to me, please.
Giỏn tiếp: He asked me to listen to him.
d. Cõu cảm thỏn trong lời núi giỏn tiếp.
Vớ dụ:
Trực tiếp: What a lovely dress!
Tuỳ theo xỳc cảm và hỡnh thức diễn đạt, chỳng ta cú thể dựng nhiều hỡnh thức khỏc nhau như sau:
Giỏn tiếp: She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.
She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely once.
She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress.
e. Cỏc hỡnh thức hỗn hợp trong lời núi giỏn tiếp.
Lời núi trực tiếp cú thể bao gồm nhiều hỡnh thức hỗn hợp: cõu khẳng định, cõu hỏi, cõu mệnh lệnh, cõu cảm thỏn:
Vớ dụ:
Trực tiếp: She said, "can you play the piano?” and I said”no”
Giỏn tiếp: She asked me if could play the piano and I said that I could not.
Nếu lời núi và hành động xảy ra cựng ngày thỡ khụng cần phải đổi thời gian.
At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today".At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.
Cỏc suy luận logic về mặt thời gian tất nhiờn là cần thiết khi lời núi được thuật lại sau đú một hoặc hai ngày.
(On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow.(On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.
Bài tập.
Chuyển những cõu sau sang cõu giỏn tiếp.
He said to her, “You are my friend.”
Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to do this exercise.”
“ Don’t come back before one o’clock”, advised my brother.
“Cook it in butter”, Mrs Brown said to her daughter.
The pupils said “ Teacher, give us better marks, please.”
My friend said, “ Are you going to leave tomorrow?”
“ Have you done your homework?”, said my mother.
I asked Bill,” What time did you go to bed last night?”
Paul said, “ I must go home now.”
“ There is an accident .”, said the policeman.
“ We are waiting for the school bus”, said the children.
“ Must you go now?”, said Mr Brown.
“ Are you going to visit your aunt tomorrow?” asked Tom.
“ Listen to me and don’t make a noise, ”said the teacher to his students.
“ I’m tired of eating fish”, said Mary to Helen.
“ The sun always rises in the east,” said Peter.
“ I didn’t steal your fur coat yesterday,” said Sammy to Jean.
“ You must do your homework everyday”, said Miss Lan to us.
“ Will we read the story?”, Bill asked his teacher.
“ I don’t know where Alice is,” said Vicky.
“ There isn’t much rain in the south of the country,” said Harry.
“ Would you mind turning the music down?" Andrew said to Anne.
“ How much do you think it will cost?” He asked.
“ Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand,” He said to me.
“ Have you already reviewed all your lessons?” she said to me.
“ Come in and look around. There’s no obligation to buy,” said the shopkeeper.
“ I’m sorry I’m late,” she said.” The bus broken down”
Mary asked me “ Can you tell me why you are so sad?”
“ Will you please find out when he last wrote to me?” Jane said to her friend.
“ You must decide what you want to do”, she said to her daughter.
II. Chuyển Sang Cõu Giỏn Tiếp
 1. “ Please stop making noise ,” said Mrs . Lan . 
->..
2. “ Could you take these pictures to my room, Tan ?” asked Nga .
-> 
3. “ You should concentrate on your study at school ,” said the teacher .
 ->
4. “ Please post this letter for me ,” said Mom . 
->
5. “Please give your parents your report card ,” said the teacher .
-> 
6. “You should spend more time doing your homework , Tam” said Mr. Nam .
->
7. “ Could you help me with English speaking , Ba ?” asked Minh . 
->
 9. “ Can you wait for me here , Jerry ?” Told Tom .
->
10. “ You should spend more time on English writing , Tim.” The teacher told Tim . 
->
11. Go out of here , children ,” The guard ordered . 
->
12. “ You should not make noise in here .” The teacher said . 
->
13. “ Can you carry these chairs into the house ?” Mrs. Lan asked me . 
->
14. “ You should practice playing the guitar every day .” The teacher said . 
->
15. “ Please give the manager this document .” The man asked the secretary . 
->
16. “ Does your father work here ?” She asked .
->
17. “ Do you live near your family , Tam ?” The teacher asked . 
->
18. “ Are you a foreigner ?” She asked . 
->
19. “ Are you in a hurry ?” She asked . 
->
20. “ Do you like having holidays abroad ?” He asked . 
->
21. “ Does your mother do the housework , Hoa ?” Lan asked .
-> 
22. Are you hungry , Lan ?” Nga asked . 
->
23. “ Does your sister write for the Morning Star ?” he asked .
-> 
24. “ Would you pass my suitcase, please ?” he asked . 
->
25. “ You should go to bed early.” said Mom. 
->
26. “ Could you lend me this book , Tom ?” said Peter
->
27. “ I think it is going to rain tonight .” Bob said . 
->
30. Do many tourists visit Ha Long Bay every year , Mai?” asked Lan . 
->
31. “ Are you ready for the party , children ?” asked Mrs. Lan . 
->
32.” You,d better ask his parents before doing this.” I advised him. 
->
33. “ I want to be a writer when I grow up ,” said Mary . 
->
34. “ If you want to learn English , I can help you ,” John said . 
->
35. “Where are you studying ?” Mr . Bruce asked . 
->
36. Please call me at 6 o,clock tomorrow morning ,” said Mai .
->
37. “ Are you interested in this Language Center?” asked Lan . 
->
38. We will spend our holiday in Da Lat next month ,” said Mrs. Linh . 
->
39. “ Do you live here ?” Liz asked . 
->
40. “ Where does your son want to learn ?” the man said to Mr. Linh . 
->
41. “ You must come today ,” Hoa said . 
->
42. “ I do not understand what you are saying ,” Tom told us . 
->
43. “ There is not any information about these colleges,” Nam said . 
->
44. “ Where are you working now, Nam?” said Peter . 
->
45. “ Do your grandparents still live in Nha Trang now?” said Nam to me .
-> 
46. “ Are you leaving for Ha Noi tomorrow ?” he said to me . 
->
47. Frank said to me , “ We can still get tickets to the game.” 
->
48. “ I do not have enough for a drink ,” she said . 
->
49. “ I will come with you as soon as I am ready ,” he replied . 
->
50. I told Jenny , “ It is pouring outside.” 
->
52. “ Can the children get dinner at school?” I asked him .
->
53. “ Do you see what I see , Mary?” said the young man .
->
54. “ Are you going to see him off at the station?” I asked her .
->
55. “ Is there a good art department at school ?” he asked me .
->
56. “ Does this train stop at York?” asked the old woman . 
->
57. What time do you want to leave for the airport ?” Harry asked me . 
->
58. “ Do you realize what the time is , Steve?” asked Chris . 
->
59. “ Where will you come to see me this weekend ?” She asked me . 
->
60. “ I live here with my sister.” Tom said to her . 
->
61. “ Are you strong enough to bring this heavy bag?” He asked me .
-> 
62. “ Can you speak English ?” Mr. Brown asked . 
->
63. “ What do you usually do in your free time ?” the examiner asked . 
->
64. Hoa said ,” I may visit my parents in Summer .” 
->
65. The teacher said “ We can collect old books for the poor students”.
->
66. “ Where does your father work ?” the teacher asked me . 
->
67. “ Why do you collect waste paper ?” She asked Ba . 
->
68. “ How much does this dress cost ?” Lan asked Lien . 
->
69. “ What kind of books do you read ?” Thu asked Huong . 
->
70. “ Do you see somebody using my book ?” Lan asked Thu . 
->
71. John said "I have finished study my lesson"
->
72. "I cannot go to the movie with you tonight, John" Mary said
->
73. Johny said to his mother "I don't know how to do this exercise"
->
74. He said to her "You are my best friend"
->
Bài tập: Chuyển những cõu sau sang giỏn tiếp.
1. “Shall I help you with the exercises?” he said.
3. “Will you have a drink?” he said.
4. “Do you often have breakfast at 6.30 a.m?” he said
5. “Do come in and have a drink” he said.
7. “Would you like to come to my birthday party next Sunday?” she said.
9. “ Shall I do the cleaning up for you?” he said.
10. “Take your seat”, he said. “thank”, I said.
- Ss do excercises in group. Then give the answer.
- T remarks and gives the keys
Keys:
He offered to help me with the exercises. 
He offered me a drink.
He asked if I often had breakfast at 6.30.
He invited me to come in and have a drink.
He invited me to come to his birthday party the following Sunday.
He offered to do the cleaning up for me.
He told me to take my seat and I thanked him.
*. Change into reported speech:
She said:” I can’t find my umbrella.”
→ 
Tom said:” My friend is coming next week.”
→ 
We said:” We shall overcome this difficulty.”
→ 
The boy said to the neighbor:” I’m going on holiday tomorrow.”
→ 
The teacher said :” You‘ll have to finish all these exercises before next week.”
→ 
Peter said:” I enjoy looking at myself in the mirror.”
→ 
Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock.” 
à Nam said 
Lan said “I will be very busy tomorrow.”
 à Lan said 
Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week.” 
à Thu said 
Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks.” 
à Phong said 
My teacher said to me “You should read these books.” 
à My teacher told 
Hoa said “I may visit my parents next summer.” 
Put the following commands and requests and advise into reported speech 
1./ Their mother said to them,” Don’t make so much noise”
2./ The police policeman said, “ Show me your driving license, please”
3./ The lifeguard said, “Don’t swim out too far, boys”
4./ “You should take a few days off” The doctor said to him
5./ “ You should stay in beds for a few days” He said to me
6./ “ You should take these medicines every four hours” She said to me
7. “Clean the floor, please! ” My teacher said
8. “Learn by heart all the new English words,please! ” My teacher said 
9. He said to her “Could you read slowly, please !”
10. “ Don’t eat your dinner so quickly. “ He said to her.
3. Exercise 2
Ha said to Mai: “ Don’t touch the electric wires”
 “Please, don’t tell anyone the news,” Ha said to her sister.
 “Don’t drive so fast” Ha said to Minh.
 Please remove your shoes before entering” Ha said to Hang.
 “Ba, don’t interrupt me when I’m meditating” Ha said to Ba.
 First switch on, then wait for 2 minutes” Ha said to Nhung.
 “Hanh, take the man to the cells” Ha said to Tung.
 “Don’t forget to write me a letter every week” Ha said to her friend.
 Ha said: “Don’t make so much noise, Hieu”
 “You should go home early ” My teacher said to me.
III./ Put the following commands and requests in to reported speech (VI, P.38)
e.g: The teacher said to Tim, “Com into my office, please” 
=> The teacher asked/ told Tim to come into her office
1./ Their mother said to them,” Don’t make so much noise”
2./ The police policeman said, “ Show me your driving license, please”
3./ The lifeguard said, “Don’t swim out too far, boys”
IV./ Report the doctor’s advice to Mr. Robinson (VII, P.38)
1./ “You should take a few days off” => the doctor said he should take a few days off.
2./ “ You should stay in beds for a few days”
3./ “ You should take these medicines every four hours”
Change into "Reported speech"
Mr. Brown told Ann, 'Please give me some food!'
Mr. brown asked	
I said to her, 'Don't make noise in class!'
I told	
Peter said 'Can you help me, Juan?"
Peter asked Juan	
She told him "Don't swim the in sea!"
She	
The tiger said to the farmer "Show me your wisdom!"
The tiger asked	
They said to me "Don't drive too fast, please"
They told	
He told me "Can you lend me your dictionary"
He asked	
The man said "Please tell me the way to the post office"
The man told me	
The teacher told us "Don't put your legs on the table"
The teacher ordered	
"Could you open the door, Linh!"
He asked Linh Turn the direct speech setences into the indirect speech sentences (questions)
 1. "Do you like dancing,?" my friend asked.
2. "What are you doing ?" Hoa asked me. 
3. "Where does your father work?" the teacher said to Quang.
4. "Are there any interesting programs on TV today,Nam?" Ha said.
5. "How often do you visit your home village?" Lan asked David.
6. "Can your students communicate with foreigners?" he asked her
7. "Is this your new classmake?" the boy asked me.
8. My friend said, "What time are you going to leave tomorrow?"
9." Will your parents allow you to go camping next sunday?" Nam's friend said.
10. "Nancy, are you doing your math homework now?" asked Tim.
11. "When does the train S9 to HCM city leave?" the old woman asked me.
12. "Is your house near BenThuy Bridge?" Huong asked Nam.
13. "When will you have a plumber repair your pipes," I asked her.
14. "Can your students communicate with foreigners?" he asked her.
15. "How many languages can yuor teacher speak?" Hoa said to Nam.
C.Turn the direct speech setences into the indirect speech sentences (Tổng hợp
1. "I am chatting with m