Đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Relative clauses được gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ, chứa đựng đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun) để qui chiếu với một danh từ hay một mệnh đề đứng trước nó.
Ex1: Do you know the girl that lives next door?
- That là đại từ quan hệ được dùng để qui chiếu cho the girl đứng ngay trước nó. Trong ví dụ trên, that làm chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau danh từ. Câu trên là sự hình thành của hai câu: “Do you know the girl?” và “She lives next door.’
Ex2: This is the picture that I bought yesterday.
That trong VD 2 được dùng để thay thế cho the picture đứng ngay trước nó và that làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Câu trên được cắt nghĩa như sau:
Ex: This is the picture. I bought it yesterday.
* CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
Các đại từ quan hệ được dùng để quy chiếu với danh từ đứng trước nó có thể chỉ cho một người hay một vật.
Xác định
Xác định và không xác định
Chủ từ
people
that
who
things
which
Túc từ 
people
that/ Ø 
who(m)
things
which
Sở hữu 
people
whose 
whose
things
whose/ of which 
whose/ of which
Lưu ý:
- That có thể được dùng để chỉ người hay vật, thay thế cho chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. That đặc biệt được sử dụng khi danh từ đứng trước nó là all, everyone, everybody, anyone, someone hay khi danh từ đứng trước nó có thể chỉ cho cả người lẫn vật.
- That, who không dùng sau giới từ.
- That không dùng sau dấu phảy (trong mệnh đề không xác định).
- Đại từ quan hệ có thể được lược bỏ khi nó làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ & nó không đứng sau giới từ.
* MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ XÁC ĐỊNH (Defining relative clauses).
- Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đi sau một cụm danh từ và làm rõ người hoặc vật chúng ta nói về
Ex: People who drink and drive are a danger to everyone.
This is the horse that won last year’s race.
A member whose car breaks down can ring this number.
- - Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định có thể đi sau a/an- danh từ.
Ex: The book is about a boy who run away from home.
- Giữa danh từ/ đại từ và mệnh đề quan hệ xác định không có dấu phảy.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là thành phần không thể lược bỏ trong câu.
* MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH (Non- defining relative clauses).
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định đi sau một cụm danh từ đã được xác định từ trước mà không cần định nghĩa hoặc giải thích gì thêm nữa.
Ex: Bill, who won the race last year, hopes to win again.
 His new car, which he paid $ 15,000 for, has broken down.
 Her car, whose tyres were bad, skedded on the wet road.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định cung cấp thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật được nói đến.
Ex: Peter, who spoke French well, offered to interpret.
- Giữa danh từ/ đại từ và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có dấu phảy.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định là thành phần có thể lược bỏ trong câu.
EXERCISE
Ex1: Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun.
1. There are eighteen different kinds of penguins ______ live south of the equator.
2. Thank you very much for the present ______ you sent me.
3. This is Mrs. Jones, ______ son won the championship last year.
4. His girlfriend, ______ he trusted absolutely, turned out to be an enemy spy.
5. The bus crashed into a queue of people, four of _______ were killed.
6. A man bought in a little girl, ______ hand was cut by flying glass.
7. Mary, ______ boyfriend didn’t turn up, ended by having lunch with Peter.
8. He paid me $5 for cleaning ten windows, most of _______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
9. In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of ______ was moldy.
10. The chair in _____ I was sitting suddenly collapsed.
11. The bed ______ I slept on has no mattress.
12. The man _______ I was waiting for didn’t turn up.
13. The student with ________ she was dancing had a slight limb.
Ex2: Put a tick if the relative pronoun in the following sentences can be deleted, and put a cross if it is not.
1. We lit a fire, which soon dried out clothes.
2. The report, which should have taken an hour and a half, took three hours.
3. The children who I was looking after were terribly spoilt.
4. She thanked him for the kind help that she received.
5. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box from which I was phoning.
6. The man who was driving us didn’t know the way.
7. The Smiths, whose house was destroyed in the explosion, were given rooms in the hotel.
8. The car which we hired from the airport broke down on the road.
9. My boss, who I really wanted to see, was too busy to meet anyone.
10. Mr. and Mrs. Jones, who were out playing cards, knew nothing of the burglary.
Ex3: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative clauses.
1. Mr. Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
2. I missed the train. I usually catch this train.
3. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
4. This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.
5. He introduced me to his students. Most of them were from abroad.
6. He expected to pay me $2 for 12 eggs. Four of the eggs were broken.
7. She climbed to the top of the Monument to see the wonderful view. She had been told about the view.
8. I was given this address by a man. I met his man on a train
9. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
10. The bar was so noisy that I couldn’t hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar.
11. At 6.00 thick fog descended. 6.00 was an hour before the plane was due.
12. I’ve just spoken to Sally. She sends you her love.
13. I waited for him until 4.30. At that point I gave up. 
Answer
Ex1: Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun.
1. which/ that 2. which/ that 3. whose 4. who/ whom 5. whom 6. whose 7. whose 8. which
9. which 10. which 11. which/ that 12. who/ whom/ that 13. whom
Ex2: Put a tick if the relative pronoun in the following sentences can be deleted, and put a cross if it is not.
Î 2. Î1. 3. √P 4. √Î 7. Î 6. Î 5. P 8.√ Î 10. Î 9. P
Ex3: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative clauses.
1. Mr. Smith, who I had come specially to see, said he too busy to speak to me
2. I missed the train which I usually catch.
3. I saw several houses, most of which were quite unsuitable.
4. This is a story of a group of boys whose plane crashed on an uninhabited island.
5. He introduced me to his student, most of whom were from abroad.
6. He expected to pay me $2 for 12 eggs, four of which were broken.
7. She climbed to the top of the Monument to see the wonderful view which she had been told about.
8. I was given this address by a man who I met on a train.
9. The man who answered the phone said Tom was out.
10. The bar from which I was telephoning was so noisy that I couldn’t hear the person at the other end of the line.
11. At 6.00, which was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended.
12. I’ve just spoken to Sally, who sends you her love.
13. I waited for him until 4.30, at which point I gave up.