Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh - Bài 4: Adverbs - Trạng từ

BÀI 4. ADVERBS - TRẠNG TỪ
I. Kinds (Classification): phân loại trạng từ
1. Adverbs of manner: trạng từ chỉ thể cách dung để chỉ cách thức của hành động, hoạt 
Adjs + ly = Adv
động, thường theo sau và bổ nghĩa cho các động từ. thông thường trạng từ chỉ thể cách được biến đổi phái sinh từ tính từ tương ứng:
Ví dụ về cấu tạo của trạng từ chỉ thể cách:
adjectives
adverbs
adjectives
adverbs
1.
amazing 
amazingly
6.
early
early
2.
beautiful
beautifully
7.
fast
fast
3.
brave
bravely
8.
good
well 
4.
happy
happily
9.
hard
hard
5.
quick
quickly
10.
late
late
Ví dụ về chức năng của trạng từ chỉ thể cách:
She sang beautifully.	He drove dangerously and got a serious accident.
Helen was used to getting up early.	Tom run very fast and won the first place prize.
He did well in the examination and got good marks.
2. Adverbs of place: Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn được dùng như các ngữ cố định để tạo thành trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn như: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ etc. 
e.g.	She comes there twice a week.	Here come the police.
The mother tried to stop her baby from coming any nearer to the socket.
3. Adverbs of time: Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian cũng được dùng như các ngữ cố định để tạo thành trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/ etc.
e.g.	We are going to Hanoi today.	He will return soon.
They are still upstairs.	We are now living in the age of information technology.
4. Adverbs of frequency: Các trạng từ chỉ tần suất được dùng để chỉ số lần xuất hiện của sự vật, sự việc trên một đơn vị thời gian. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như: always/ usually/often/ sometimes/ occasionally/ seldom/ rarely/ never/ once/ twice/ three times/ four times/ etc.
e.g.	Linda often goes to school by bus.	We never eat dog-meat.
She once became the leader.	He brushes his teeth twice a week.
He goes to the church six times a year.
5. Adverbs of sentence: Các trạng từ của câu được dung để mô tả sắc thái lời nói và có vị trí linh hoạt trong câu. Các trạng từ của câu như: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ etc.
e.g.	He was certainly the liar.	He finally passed the driving test after three successive attempts.
 	Luckily, she passed the exam.	Mr. Peter loved the scenic beauty of the resort totally.
6. Adverbs of degree: Các trạng từ chỉ mức độ được dùng để mô tả mức độ hay tính chất của sự việc. Các trạng từ chỉ mức độ như: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ etc.
e.g.	He was quite handsome.	Hardly did we see anything.
She is fairly tall with bright complexion.
Mrs. Black felt a bit bored with the main character’s performance.
7. Adverbs of interrogative: Gồm các trạng từ: when/ where/ why/
 	e.g.	When did you go?	Where is she now?
Why didn’t you put on your best clothes to go to the interview?
8. Adverbs of relative: Gồm các trạng từ: when/ where/ why 
e.g.	He came when we were watching T.V.	That’s the park where we first met.
	I don’t know the reason why she didn’t come to your party yesterday.
Note: Some adverbs share the same form with their corresponding adjectives – Một số trạng từ có hình thức giống hệt với tính từ cùng nguồn gốc với chúng. Hay nói khác đi, dưới đây là bảng một số tính từ và trạng từ có chung một hình thức:
adjectives
adverbs
adjectives
adverbs
adjectives
adverbs
1.
back
back
9.
just*
just*
17.
near*
near*
2.
direct*
direct*
10.
late*
late*
18.
pretty
pretty
3.
early
early
11.
left
left
19.
right*
right*
4.
enough
enough
12.
little
little
20.
short*
short*
5.
far
far
13.
long
long
21.
till
till
6.
hard*
hard*
14.
more*
more*
22.
straight
straight
7.
high*
high*
15.
most*
most*
23.
well
well
8.
ill
ill
16.
much*
much*
24.
wrong*
wrong*
	e.g. 	She is a hard worker. She works very hard.
	He didn’t have enough money, and he wasn’t old enough to earn much.
	A near look helps me know what it is. He lives near the church.
	My house is far from school so I have to walk far every morning.
 Note: Adverb with “*” above can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
	e.g. 	She worked hard. = She is a hard-working person.
	She could hardly work. = She could not or was unable to work.
II. Positions (Functions): Vị trí hay chức năng của một số loại trạng từ được giới thiệu như dưới đây:
1. Adverbs of manner: Trạng từ chỉ thể cách có chức năng chính là bổ nghĩa cho động
 từ, chỉ cách thức của hoạt động. Trạng từ chỉ thể cách có vị trí như sau:
 	* Follow verbs – đi liền ngay sau động từ để bổ nghĩa cho động từ:
 	eg: 	He danced gracefully.	She sang marvelously.	They ran quickly to the bookstore.
S – V – preposition – O
* Before prepositions or follow objects in – Theo sau các tân ngữ hoặc đi trước các giới từ trong cấu trúc: 
eg: 	He looked at me carefully. He looked carefully at me.
 * Follow Subject – Theo sau các chủ ngữ như:
 	eg: 	He suspiciously tasted the soup. The inspectors thoroughly examined the dead body.
 * At the beginning or end – Có thể đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối câu như:
 	eg: 	Carefully he checks the suitcase. He checks the suitcase carefully.
2. Adverbs of time: Trạng từ chỉ thời gian thường só các vị trí sau:
* At the beginning or end of sentences – Một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian có thể đặt ở đầu
 hoặc cuối của câu mà không làm thay đổi tính chất hay nghĩa của câu như: afterwards/ 
 eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/ since then/ till/
eg: 	He will returns soon. = He will soon return = Soon he will return.
Today we will learn lesson two. = We will learn lesson two today.
Eventually we reach the top of the hill. = We eventually reach the top of the hill.
 * Always at the end - Một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian luôn được đặt ở cuối của câu, khi thay 
 đổi vị trí chức năng của trạng từ cũng thay đổi, chẳng hạn như: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late 
(Adverbs with “*” are used as conjunctions when placed at the beginning of sentences – 
 các trạng từ có dấu “*” ở trên sẽ được dung như liên từ khi được đặt ở đầu câu).
eg: He went to the church immediately. Khác với Immediately, he went to the church. 
* Follow subjects or “V - O” – các trạng từ yet/ still/etc. theo sau các chủ ngữ riêng just 
đứng tách giữa động từ trợ và động từ mang nghĩa như:
 	eg: 	He still lives in the suburb of the city.
 	nhưng:	He has just left the house.
3. Adverbs of place: Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn có các vị trí trong câu như dưới đây:
 At the beginning or end – Được đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối của câu mà không làm thay đổi tính chất và nghĩa của câu như: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/etc.
 eg: 	Nowhere could we find him. = We could find him nowhere.
English is spoken everywhere.= Everywhere English is spoken.
 Administration – các trạng từ dung để chỉ định như: here/ there 
eg: 	He lives here. She hasn’t gone there.
4. Adverbs of frequency: Trạng từ chỉ tần suất:.
 Flexible positions - thường đi sau to be, đi trước các động từ thường, hoặc tách giữa động từ trợ với động từ mang nghĩa như: always/ continually/ frequently/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually/etc.
 	eg: 	She usually walks to school.	She is often late for school.
	Sometimes he goes out at night.	He sometimes goes out at night.
	He goes out at night sometimes.
 Restricted (inversion) – Các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định khi được đặt ở đầu câu sẽ phải đảo ngữ như: hardly - ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom/ etc.
 	eg: She will never she eat this kind of food. Nhưng 	Never will she eat this kind of food.
IV. Inversion cases: các trường hợp đảo ngữ
Trong một số trường hợp các trạng từ có nghĩa hạn chế (phủ định) không đứng ở các vị trí bình thường mà được đảo lên đầu câu với dụng ý nhấn mạnh đến hành động của chủ thể (chủ ngữ). khi đó ta thực hiện hình thức đảo ngữ (đảo động từ trợ lên trước chủ ngữ - như câu nghi vấn) và gọi là câu đảo ngữ. cụ thể như trình bày dưới đây:
1. Restricted adverbs or phrases: Một số trạng từ và ngữ mang nghĩa phủ định phải 
đảo ngữ khi được đặt ở đầu câu như:
hardlyever
hardlywhen
neithernor
only by
only. when
never 
no soonerthan
not till
scarcelywhen
so
nowhere 
on no account
in no circumstances
only in this way
only.then
scarcely ever
not only
seldom 
 2. Inversion cases: Trong tiếng Anh, đảo ngữ (đảo trật từ từ trong câu) được dùng để nhấn mạnh. Một số hình thức đảo ngữ như sau:
No - N - auxiliary - S – V/ Not any - N - auxiliary - S - V 
2.1. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT:
 e.g: 	No money shall I lend you from now on. Not any money shall I lend you from now on.
2.2. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever, 
Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever - auxiliary - S - V
Only one
Only later - auxiliary S – V. (Chỉ bằng cách này/ kia)
Only in this way 
Only in that way
e.g.	Never in mid-summer does it snow. Hardly ever does he speak in the public.
 	Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar.
2.3. Đảo ngữ với ONLY
	* Only in this way – auxiliary – S – V or Only in - adv of time/ place
e.g.	Only in this way could the problem be solved.
* Only then – auxiliary – S – V or Only after - N: Chỉ sau khi làm gì
 	e.g. 	Only after all guests had gone home could we relax.
* Only by V-ing/ N: Chỉ bằng cách làm gì
 	e.g. 	Only by practising English everyday can you speak it fluently.
* Only when - clause: Chỉ khi làm gì
 	e.g. 	Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known.
 	Only when I understand her did I like her.
* Only with - N: Chỉ với cái gì e.g. Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car.
* Only if - clause e.g. Only if you promise to return the book will he lend it to you.
2.4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No
* At no time: Không bao giờ
 	e.g. The result of the match was never in doubt. 
 	→ At no time/ Never was the result of the match in doubt
 	* On no condition/ On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không
 	e.g.	On no account must this switch be touched. 
 	On no account should you be late for the exam.
* Under/ in no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
 	e.g.	Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. 
* For no reason/ In no way: Không sao có thể e.g. In no way could I agree with you.
* No longer: Không còn nữa
 	e.g.	The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances.
 	→ Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid
 	→ On no condition shall we accept their proposal
* By no means: Hoàn toàn không e.g. By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 
2.5. No sooner....than...:(Vừa mới...thì đã... )
 hay Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely...when/ before
 	e.g. 	Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang. 
 	(= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.)
e.g. 	Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep. 
 	(= She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.)
e.g. 	Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack.
 	(= They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.)
e.g.	No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt. 
 	(= The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.)
e.g. 	No sooner did they realize that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt. (= They no sooner realized that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt.)
So - adj/ adv - auxiliary - S - V - that S – V 
2.6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....but....also... (không nhữngmà còn..)
 	Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V
 	hoặc 	Not only + trợ động từ + S + V but.... also..........
 	e.g.	Not only is he good at English but he also draw very well
 	Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly
 	Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.
2.7. Đảo ngữ với So
e.g. 	So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.
 	So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
 	So dark is it that I can't write.
 	So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself.
 	So difficult was the exam that few students pass it.
 	So attractive is she that many boys run after her.
 	So intelligent is that she can answer all questions in the interview.
2.8. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau:
Such - be - Danh từ -
 	e.g.	Such is the moment that all greats traverse. (Thật là thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao).
 	Such is the stuff of dreams. (Thật là một giấc mơ vô nghĩa).
 	Lưu ý: Thường khi gặp “so great, so much - Noun” thì ta dùng đảo ngữ với “such”  
 	e.g.	The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. 
 	→ Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. 
 	There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 
 	→ Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 
Not until/ till - clause/ adv of time – auxiliary - S - V
	2.9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till:	
No where – Aux – S -V
	e.g. 	I won't come home till 10 o'clock. → Not until/ till 10 o'clock that I will come home.
 	→ It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home.
 	I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home.
 	→ Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key.
	2.10. Đảo ngữ với No where
e.g.	No where in Vietnam is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country.
 	No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home.
 	No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country.
2.11. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện
 	a. Câu điều kiện loại 1: If clause = should+S+V
 	(Lưu ý: Dùng SHOULD để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn)
 	e.g. 	Should she come late she wil miss the train.
 	Should he lend me some money I will buy that house.
 	b. Câu điều kiện loại 2: If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S
 	(Lưu ý: Dùng WERE TO để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn)
 	e.g.	If I were you I would work harder. → Were I you, I would work harder.
 	If I knew her I would invite her to the party.
→ Were I to know her, I would invite her to the party.
c. Câu điều kiện loại 3: If clause = Had + S + V3ED
 e.g.	If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have passed the exam.
 	→ Had my parents not encouraged me, I would have passed the exam.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived adverbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1.
She was__________ knowledgeable about the history of China.
EXTREME
2.
Many people were buried__________ after the earthquake. 
LIVE
3.
This type of behavior is no longer___________ acceptable.
SOCIETY
4.
His boss told him off because he had behaved______________.
RESPONSIBLE
5.
Tom spoke____________ because he was so excited. 
BREATHE
6.
This new film is_____________ good. 
EXCEPT
7.
There is a shortage of pure water in the city nowadays. We have to use it_______.
ECONOMY
8.
The evening was____________ spent playing and talking. 
ENJOY
9.
On my salary, we have to live as_____________________ as possible.
ECONOMY
10.
He didn’t feel happy because he worked____________.
SUCCESS
11.
She seems______________ happy in her new job.
REASON
12.
Such a kind man would never____________ hurt his friend’s feelings.
INTEND
13.
Her bedroom is_________ decorated with her favorite souvenirs from her trips. 
PLEASE
14.
Explosive are_____________ weapons.
DIE
15.
The song has__________ been selected for the Sea Games 22, Vietnam.
OFFICE
16.
The police should impose heavy fines on those who drive___________.
DANGER
17.
_______, Charles Darwin didn’t intend to publish his book On the Origin of Species. 
ORIGIN
18.
John drives very_____________. He’s never had any accidents.
CARE
19.
We always have a bed ready in the spare room in case visitors arrive______.
EXPECT
20.
Nitric oxide is____________ poisonous. 
HIGH
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. Everyone can join our club, ______________ age and sex.
 A. not mention	B. in case of	C. in place of	D. regardless of
2. He was looking at his parents___________, waiting for recommendations.
A. obey	 	B. obedience 	C. obedient 	 	D. obediently
3. John hasn’t studied hard this year, so, in the last couple of months, he’s had to work _____ just to catch up.
 A. vaguely 	B. randomly 	C. barely 	D. intensely
4. Be sure not to rely too__________ on your mother tongue when you are learning a foreign language.
A. numerously	B. heavily	C. severely	D. abundantly
5. She accepted that she had acted__________ and mistakenly, which broke up her marriage.
A. romantically 	B. unwisely 	C. wisely 	D. attractively
6. I walked away as calmly as I could______________, they would have thought I was a thief.
 A. In case	B. If so	C. Or else	D. Owing to
7. ___________ will Mr. Thanh be able to regain control of the company.
A. Only with hard work 	B. Only if he works hardly 
C. No matter how does he work hardly	D. Not until his work hard
8. If a boss wants to have a well-qualified staff, he should have to pay his employees ________.
A. appropriate 	 	 B. appropriately 	C. appropriation 	D. appropriating
9. If you book in advance you will___________ certainly have a better table at our restaurant.
 A. mostly	B. the most	C. most	D. almost
10. ___________ speaking, I do not really like my present job.
 A. Honest 	B. Honesty 	C. Honestly 	D. Dishonest
11. Don’t worry. They will do the job as_____________ as possible.
 A. economic	B. economical	C. economically	D. economy
12. During the time of economic reforms, the economy has grown_______ with only a few major setbacks.
A. constant 	B. constantly 	C. constants 	D. constancy
13. Although___________ satisfied with the contract, the officials hesitatingly agreed to sign it.
 A. completed	B. complete	C. completion	D. completely
14. No one can predict the future exactly. Things may happen___________.
A. expected 	B. unexpected 	C. expectedly 	 	D. unexpectedly
15. Peter, Harry and Chuck were first, second, and third__________ in the school cross-country race.
 A. respectively	B. actively	C. responsively	D. tremendously
16. The computer allows us to work fast and___________.
A. efficiently 	B. differently 	C. variously 	D. freshly
17. Although the new library service has been very successful, its future is__________ certain.
A. by all means	B. by no means	C. at any rate	D. by any chance
18. Read the book____________ and you can find the information you need.
A. care 	B. careful	 	C. carefulness 	D. carefully
19. - Ha: “What do you think of your new bookkeeper?” 
- Linh: “He works __________ his figures never need ____________.”
 A. such efficiently that / to check	C. so efficient that / checking
 B. so efficiently that / to be checked	D. such an efficient that / to be checked
20. John______________ across the lawn.
A. danced wildly 	B. was wildly danced	C. was dancing wild 	D. was being danced wildly
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. Mrs. Chau has managed the department___________ that she’ll be promoted next month.
	A. too successful	 B. so successfully	C. very successful	 D. too successfully
2. I___________ think that scuba diving is more of danger than adventure.
A. person 	B. personal 	C. personally 	 	D. personalize
3. Stress and tiredness often lead to lack of____________.
	A. concentration	B. concentrate	C. concentrated 	D. concentrator
4. ___________, the athlete broke the world's record with two attempts.
A. Surprise 	B. Surprised	 	C. Surprising 	 	D. Surprisingly
5. In spite of her abilities, Laura has been___________ overlooked for promotion.
A. repetitive	B. repeatedly	C. repetition	D. repeat
6. When a women works outside the home and makes money herself, she is________ independent from her husband.
A. financially 	B. politically 	C. philosophically 	D. variously
7. ______________