Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh - Bài 3: Adjectives - Tính từ

BÀI 3. ADJECTIVES - TÍNH TỪ
I. Definition: Words that denote colours, sizes, shapes, weights, characteristics, quality, quantity, and states of things, persons, actions, etc. Là từ dùng để chỉ màu sắc, kích cỡ, hình dạng, trọng lượng, đặc điểm, chất lượng, số lượng, và trạng thái của sự vật, hiện tượng.
II. Kinds (Classification): phân loại
1. Main kinds: phân loại chính
Demonstrative: (tính từ chỉ định) this, that, those, these. 
 e.g. 	This book is mine and that is yours. I’d like to have a look at those shoes, please.
Distributive: (tính từ phân phối) each, every, either, neither.
e.g.	Each room has its own TV set. We care for every client there.
Quantitative: (tính từ chỉ số lượng) some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. 
e.g.	Some books are new and few are old. She has met many strangers in the town.
Interrogative: (tính từ nghi vấn) which, what, whose.
e.g. 	Which hat is your, the red or the blue one? What kind of films do you like to watch?
Possessive: (tính từ sở hữu) my, your, his, her, our, its, their
e.g.	Your car needs cleaning. He apologized to her for having hurt her feelings.
Quality: (tính từ chỉ phẩm chất) clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,
e.g. 	He was very clever at making decision. The winners will be presented with golden medals.
2. Derived adjectives: Tính từ phái sinh là những tính từ được phái sinh từ các từ gốc khác để đảm nhận chức năng của tính từ. cụ thể như sau:
Present participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ING để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của sự vật, hiện tượng như: amazing, amusing, boring, embarrassing, exciting, exhausting, frightening, interesting, surprising, tiring, etc.
e.g.	We found the film amazing.	They thought the long walk was tiring.
	A boring night didn’t appeal to him.	An interesting book interested me.
	The exciting monkey snatched the boy’s ice-cream.
Past participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ED để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của người như: amazed, amused, bored, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, frightened, interested, surprised, tired, etc.
e.g.	We are nearly exhausted after so long a walk.
	They felt extremely tired after a day of hard work.
	She was embarrassed when she found herself naked.
	Susan became so excited when she heard the good news.
	The boy was frightened by the thrilling action in the movie.
Others: 
* compound words used as adjectives:
e.g.	Ha Noi is a one-thousand-year-old city.	An eighty-year-old lady showed me the way here.
	This is a hard-to-put-down book.	Those are hard-to-pick-up-again ones.
* noun-ed used as adjectives:
e.g 	An one-eyed man told me to sit down.	The manned craft landed safely.
	The unmanned one burst into flames after the crash.
	That is the four-bedroomed flat.
	* Adverbs-past participles used as adjectives:
	e.g. 	He was a well-educated man.	They are properly-trained workers.
	The poorly-prepared trip turned to be disastrous.
	They entered an ill-lighted room.
III. Functions (Position): chức năng hay vị trí
1. Noun-subordinator: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, tính từ thường được đặt liền trước các danh từ để chỉ tính chất, đặc điểm của danh từ đó.
 	e.g. 	This is a new book. She is really a kind-hearted lady. We live in a very large room.
	Note: Khi có nhiều tính từ cùng bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ ta cần chú ý đến trật tự các tính từ như bảng dưới đây:
1. Opinion → 2. Size → 3. Age → 4. Shape → 5. Color → 6. Origin → 7. Material
	e.g. My beautiful large new round brown Vietnamese cornical leaf hat is overthere.
2. Verb-complementation: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ, tính từ thường theo sau các động từ (linking verbs) như: be, become, seem, appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,
e.g.	She is really beautiful.	They became more and more nervous.
	He seemed tired.	Mr. An felt a bit disappointed.
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: 
e.g. 	He looks calm. (=He himself is calm)
 He looks calmly at the angry crowd. (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
3. Comparison forms: cấp so sánh đối với các tính từ có thể được trình bày theo dạng dưới đây:
 	3.1. Positive degree: so sánh bằng của tính từ
S – V – as – adjs – as – O 
 a. Formula: 
b. Examples:	She is as tall as my wife. Peter was as hard-working as I was.
not – as/so – adjs – as 
	Note: negative formula
 	e.g. 	Helen is not as strict as Jane. He was not so intelligent as his fellows.
	The house is not as comfortable as the previous one.
3.2. Comparative degree: Hình thức so sánh hơn của tính từ
 a. Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm tiết
 	nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”:
S – V – adjs -ER – than – O 
 e.g.	Lan is shorter than Na. She was better at English than we were.
She looked happier than her brother.
 b. Multisyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết 
S – V – more – adjs – than – O 
e.g. 	She was more hard-working than us. We are more intelligent than him. 
Helen is more beautiful than she used to be.
3.3. Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất
 a. Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm tiết
 	nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”:
S – V – the – adjs - EST
 e.g.	Nam is the best in our class. She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
Lam is the happiest in our group.
 b. Multisyllable- adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết 
S – V – the – most – adjs
 	e.g.	Sarah was the most intelligent in my group. 
She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Water is one of the most important factors to life.
Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases – Bảng các hình thức so sánh của các tính từ bất qui tắc:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
1.
bad
worse
the worst
2.
clever
cleverer
the cleverest
3.
far
farther/ further
the farthest/ furthest
4.
good
better
the best
5.
happy
happier
the happiest
6.
little
less
the least
7.
many/ much
more
the most
8.
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ eldest
9.
pretty
prettier
the prettiest
10.
silly
sillier
the silliest
3.4. Double comparison: Hình thức so sánh kép gồm 4 mẫu câu sau:
S – V – adj-ER – and – adj-ER
a. 
	e.g. She is becoming older and wiser.
S – V – adj-ER – and – more – adj
	b. 
	e.g. It was getting darker and more humid.
S – V – more – adj – and – adj-ER
	c. 
e.g. He is more hard-working and smarter.
S – V – more – adj – and – more – adj
	d. 
	e.g. Linh is becoming more industrious and more intelligent.
3.5. Parallel comparison: hình thức so sánh thăng tiến gồm 4 mẫu câu sau:
The adj-ER - S – V, the adj-ER – S – V
 a. a. 
	e.g. The older she is. the wiser she becomes.
The adj-ER - S – V, the more adj – S – V
	b. 
	e.g. The darker it was, the more humid it seemed to be.
The more adj - S – V, the adj-ER – S – V
	c. 
e.g. The more hard-working he is, the smarter he becomes.
The more adj - S – V, the more adj – S – V
	d. 
	e.g. The more industrious Linh is, the more intelligent he gets.
4. Confused words: Một số từ dễ bị nhầm lẫn về cách sử dụng.
a. like/ alike: 
* like (adj) giống 	e.g. Tom is very like Bill.
* alike (adj) giống nhau	e.g. Tom and Bill are alike.
b. like/ as: 
* like (adv) giống e.g. 	He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost.
* as (adv) như là e.g. Do as I told you. He ate as he had been hungry for months
c. like + N/ as + N: 
* like (adv) giống e.g. He worked like a slave. (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
* as (adv) là e.g. He worked as a slave. (He was a slave in fact).
d. The adjectives: the –được đặt trước các tính từ để chỉ nhóm các sự vật hiện tượng có chung một tính chất. 
e.g. The rich are not always happy. 	 The poor need support from the whole community.
The retarded find it hard to integrate. The suspected are not allowed to travel abroad.
IV. Adjectival clauses: Một số các mệnh đề tính ngữ cơ bản thường gặp
It be adj that - S – V
 	1. That – clause: 
 	e.g. 	It is disappointed that he failed the exam. It’s better that someone should tell him.
S – V - that - it be adj to-inf
 	2. find/ think/ believe + that: 
e.g.	I found that it is impossible to start now. 
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
We believe that it will be easier to get a seat in a university in the future.
It be adj of O to - inf
 	3. Comment: Với các tính từ theo cấu trúc:
Character: Các tính từ chỉ tính cách như: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish...
e.g. 	It is brave of Maria to go out at night alone. It is cowardly of him not to talk in public spaces.
	It is generous of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. It is selfish to care for ourselves only.
Sense: Các tính từ chỉ phẩm chất như: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,
e.g. 	It is idiotic of Maria to go out at night alone. It is clever of him not to talk in public spaces.
	It is sensible of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. It is stupid to care for ourselves only.
S – V - adj - N to-inf
 	4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: 
 	Using the above adjectives and – Hình thức này sử dụng các tính từ như phần trên, 
	ngoài ra còn dung với các tính từ sau đây: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), 
 	unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,
 	e.g. 	That’s the amazing idea to show. 	It was an unreasonable result to accept.
 	He was an odd person to talk to.	It will be a funny thing to do when we go fishing.
It’s - adjs – to infinitives
 5. 
 	Dùng với các tình từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),
 	e.g.	It’s advisable to put our money into the bank.
 	It’s best to stop discussing the matter now. It’s important to know one’s limitation.
It be - adjs - (for O) – to infinitives
 	6. 
 	 Dùng với các tình từ sau: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,
 	e.g.	It’s safe for us to put our money into the bank.
 	It’s difficult for them to stop discussing the matter now.
 	It’s important for everyone to know one’s limitation.
S - be - adjs - to infinitives
	7.
 	Dùng với các tình từ sau: angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad
 	e.g.	They are angry to hear that their house was broken into.
 	He is delighted to know his entrance examination results.
 	I am glad to talk to you.
S - be - glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/ - to say/ tell/ inform
 8.
 	e.g.	I am glad to tell you that you win the prize.
 	We are sory to inform you that you lose the match.
 	Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/) Như: able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, 
 prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, 
It - be – adj that S – V (không chia)/ should V
9. 
Được dùng với các tính từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital, compulsory, suggested, etc.
	e.g.	It’s advisable that he (should) be on-time.
	It’s vital that one (should) have medical insurance.
	It’s important that corporal punishments on children be banned.
10. Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt
Due: (sắp xảy ra chỉ thời gian) e.g. The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
Due to: a result of (vì, do bởi, chỉ một kết quả) e.g. The accident was due to his carelessness.
Owing to: because of (bởi vì, do bởi, chỉ một nguyên nhân)
e.g.	Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident. 
Certain/ sure + to V= opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g.	He is sure to take legal action.
Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán)
e.g.	I am certain that the price will be higher. 
Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: (chỉ sự quyết tâm) e.g. He was sure of entering the haunted house.
Bound + to V= obligation (Việc sắp sửa diễn ra) e.g. We were bound to leave.
Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: (sợ hay xấu hổ vì điều gì) e.g. She was afraid of being left alone.
Sorry for/ about + N/G: (hối tiếc về điều gì đó) e.g. Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: (sợ, xấu hổ, tiếc vì phải..) e.g. I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
Anxious about = worried (lo lắng vì điều gì) e.g. He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
Anxious for O to V = wish (muốn làm gì) e.g. He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
Anxious that + (clause) e.g. We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
Fortunate/ lucky that + (clause) = It’s a good thing e.g. It was lucky that we weren’t late.
S + be fortunate/ lucky to V e.g. She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps e.g. It’s possible that man will live longer.
Aware/ conscious of N/G e.g. We should be aware of protecting our nature.
Aware/ conscious + that + (clause) e.g.	She was conscious that she would be late.
V. Suffixes: Cách kiến tạo ra tính từ qua các hậu tố.
suffixes
words
1.
able
portable 
agreeable
eatable
2.
al
parental
musical
moral
3.
ed
tired
bored
excited
4.
en
woolen
golden
wooden
5.
ful
careful
useful
helpful
6.
ial
essential
trial
social
7.
ible
visible
legible
edible 
8.
ic
politic
romantic
historic
9.
ing
tiring
boring
exciting
10.
ish
reddish
whitish
blackish
11.
ive
active
effective
native
12.
less
careless
useless
helpless
13.
ly
lovely
lively
friendly
14.
ous
industrious
enormous
dangerous
15.
some
troublesome
worrisome
16.
y
wealthy
healthy
rainy
others: 
Nationality
an
American
German
Venezuelan
ese
Chinese
Sudanese
Vietnamese
i
Iraqi
Israeli
Yemeni
ian
Australian
Brazilian
Italian
ish
English
Danish
Turkish
other
Czech
Dutch
French
Greek
Swiss
Thai
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words.
roots
adjectives
roots
adjectives
roots
adjectives
1.
accident
11.
destroy
21.
understand
2.
industry
12.
defend
22.
advice
3.
inform
13.
produce
23.
eat
4.
history
14.
compete
24.
tire
5.
politics
15.
thank
25.
bore
6.
parent
16.
mean
26.
excite
7.
essence
17.
home
27.
avoid
8.
confide
18.
poison
28.
benefit
9.
act
19.
danger
29.
success
10.
affect
20.
value
30.
chaos
Exercise 2: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1.
The book doesn’t say much about prices, but it is very_____ about everything else.
INFORM
2.
He lost in the election because he was a weak and____________ leader.
DECIDE
3.
I couldn’t help it. The accident was_____________.
AVOID
4.
He was very______________ when his cat was run over.
SET
5.
Keith’s exam results turned out to be____________.
DISASTER
6.
I think it’s sheer___________ to get married in church if you don’t believe in God.
HYPOCRITE
7.
These countries are___________ in imports of raw cotton.
PREFER
8.
Sam was accused of stealing some___________ documents.
CONFIDE
9.
You do not have to go. Your decision must be entirely___________.
VOLUNTEER
10.
Going swimming everyday would have very____________ effects.
BENEFIT
11.
He felt___________ certain about his success.
TOLERATE
12.
Do you feel____________ to the new job?
ATTRACT
13.
He works for UNESCO in a purely___________ role.
ADVICE
14.
Watching television can be very___________.
EDUCATE
15.
Those countries are___________ on other countries for most of their food.	
DEPEND
16.
She is extremely_____________ about the history of art.
KNOW
17.
Traveling in big cities is becoming more and more__________ every day.
TROUBLE
18.
The trouble with Mr. Brown is that he’s so_____________. One minute he goes mad when you come late; the next he says nothing. You never know where you are! 
CONSIST
19.
I didn’t know who it was – with a mask on she was completely ____________.
RECONGNISE
20.
The surgeon tried their best to save his life, but unfortunately the operation was___________. 
SUCCESS
Exercise 3: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1.
He was very_____________ of the work he had done. 
PRIDE
2.
Are there any____________ rivers left in the world? 
POLLUTE
3.
After the explosion, only two people were left___________.
LIVE
4.
Those____________ group has never lost its appeal. 
THEATRE
5.
Dolphins, ___________ species, sometimes jump above the surface of the water.
MAMMAL
6.
He’s the most___________ , ill-mannered person I’ve ever met.
PLEASE
7.
The situation is so____ in some countries now that it is difficult to see any solution. 
CHAOS
8.
Computers are now considered___________ in the business world.
DISPENSE
9.
The damage caused by the terrible storm two days ago was____________ by the government. The real figures go up every minute.
ESTIMATE
10.
Barack Obama is the first President of the United States with____________ background.
RACE
11.
The students are already____________ with the work of Shakespeare. 
ACQUAINT
12.
She’s so_________ that she won’t let anything stand in the way of her ambition. 
MIND
13.
That was a very____________ thing to say. 
HURT
14.
It’s____________ of him to lose his temper like that – he’s usually very calm. 
CHARACTER
15.
Different conservation efforts have been made in order to save_________ species.
DANGER
16.
Her son is always mischievous and____________, which annoys her very much.
OBEY
17.
You can never be sure what my sister is going to do. She is so____________.
PREDICT
18.
We found it______________ to your wonderful news.
THRILL
19.
There was a___________ dissatisfaction with the government’s policies.
WIDE
20.
I was kept_______________ last night by the noise from a party in the flat above.
WAKE
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. I was most___________ of his efforts to help me during the crisis.
 A. appreciation	 B. appreciable	 C. appreciate	D. appreciative
2. The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private___________ institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland.
A. human 	B. humanity	 	C. humanization 	D. humanitarian
3. Peter isn’t keen on exercise, but he isn’t___________ to the occasional walk.
 A. averse 	B. unwilling 	C. reluctant 	D. contrary
4. ___________ players are not allowed to interfere with the opponent's movements unless the player is holding the ball. 
A. Defense 	B. Defensive 	C. Defender 	 	D. Defensively
5. Richard is__________ to give up immediately when faced with any problems.
 A. habitual 	B. subject 	C. susceptible 	D. apt
6. I wanted to go a more____________ route across Montana.
A. north 	B. northerly 	C. northerner 	D. northernmost
7. She is a slow student. She seems to be unable to concentrate on anything in___________.
 A. particular 	B. particularly 	C. particularity 	D. particularize
8. This development project could be of great help to the___________ Vietnamese population.
A. major 	B. living 	C. rural 	D. domestic
9. There’s a lot more to Willie than one would think: still waters run___________.
deep	B. deeply	C. deepness	D. depth
10. Many teenagers are not much_______ in reading books, except for what they are made to read at school.
A. excited 	B. important 	C. slow 	D. interested
11. The copy machine was reduced to even __________ the sale price.
 A. least as	B. as much as	C. more than	D. less than
12. It is___________ to fail a job interview, but try again.
A. disappoint 	B. disappointing 	C. disappointedly 	D. disappointment
13.