Chuyên đề The active and the passive sentences (Câu chủ động – Câu bị động)

The active and the passive sentences
( Câu chủ động – câu bị động)
A. Definition: ( Định nghĩa)
1/ The Active form: ( Thể chủ động ) là dạng câu mà chủ từ của câu là người / vật thực hiện hành động – gây ra tác động lên người hoặc vật khác.
Ex: 	 - Ann writes a letter
	 - Some farmers are working in the rice field. 
2/ The passive form: ( Câu bị động) là dạng câu mà chử từ của câu nhận tác động của người hoặc vật khác – chịu tác động bởi người hoặc vật khác lên nó.
Ex: 	- A letter is written by Ann.
	- I was followed by an old man
Lưu ý: Sử dụng câu bị động, khi chúng ta quan tâm nhiều đến hành động được thực hiện như thế nào mà không chú ý đến tác nhân gây ra hành động đó.
Ex:	- Rice is produced in Vietnam.
B. Quy tắc chuyển từ một câu chủ động sang câu bị động
Muốn chuyển từ một câu chủ động sang câu bị động, ta thực hiện các bước sau:
Active: S + V + O
Passive: S + Be Vpp + By O 
	 Ved 
Form: Be + V Past Participle 
	 V3 
B1: Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
B2: Nếu cố trợ động từ trong câu chủ động, đặt trợ động từ ấy ngay sau chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
B3: Chia động từ “To be” theo thì và trợ động từ của câu chủ động. Câu củ động chia ở thì nào thì động từ “to be” trong câo bị động chia ở thì đấy.
B4: Đặt động từ chính của câu chủ động ở dạng Vpp (Động từ chia ở phân từ 2).
B5: Chuyển chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành dạng “by O” sau động từ chính trong câu. ( có thể bỏ “by O” nếu nó không quan trọng hoặc được hiểu ngầm)
C. Cấu trúc của câu bị động chia theo thì và trợ động từ:
1. Simple present tense. (thì hiện tại đơn)
	 S + is/ am / are + Vpp 
Ex: 	 	 A: Ann writes a letter.
	 P: A letter is written by Ann
2. Present continuous tense: ( Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
 	 S + is/ am / are + being + Vpp
 Ex: A: Ann is writing a letter.
	 P: A letter is being written by Ann 
3. Simple past tense: ( Thì quá khứ đơn)
	 S + were/ was + Vpp 
Ex:
	A: Ann wrote a letter.
	P: A letter was written by Ann 
4. Past continuous tense: ( Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
	 S + were/ was + being + Vpp
Ex:
	A: Ann was writing a letter.
	P: A letter was being written by Ann.
5. Present perfect tense: ( Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
	 I/ We/ You/ They + have + been + Vpp
 He/ she/ it + has 
Ex: 
	A:	Ann has written a letter.
	P:	A letter has been written by Ann.
6. Past perfect tense: ( Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
	S + had + been + Vpp
Ex: 	A: 	Ann had written a letter.
	P: 	A letter had been written by Ann.
7. Simple future tense: ( Thì tương lai đơn)
	I/ We 	 + will/ shall + be + Vpp
	He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will	
Ex;	
	A: 	Ann will write a letter.
	P: A letter will be written by Ann.
8. Future of intention: ( Thì tương lai có dự định)
 S + is/ am/ are + going to + be + Vpp
Ex;
	A:	Ann is going to write a letter.
	P: A letter is going to be written by Ann.
9. Future perfect tense: (Thì tương lai hoàn thành)
	I/ We 	 + will/ shall + have + been + Vpp
	He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will	
Ex:
	A:	Ann will have written a letter.
	P: 	A letter will have been written by Ann.
10. Modal verbs: ( trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu)
Can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ would/ could/ might...
 	 S + modal verbs + be + Vpp
Ex:	A: You can see him now.
	P: He can be seen (by you) now.
Lưu ý: 
- Ta có thể bỏ by me/ by him/ by her/ by it/ by us/ by you/ by them/ by some one/ by somebody/ by people trong câu bị động.
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ chỉ nôi chốn thì ta đặt trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trước by O.
Ex: The police found him in the forest.
	He was found in the forest by the police.
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thì ta đặt trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian sau by O.
Ex: My parents are going to buy a new car tomorrow.
	A new car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có cả trạng ngữ chỉ nôi chốn và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Thì khi chuyển sang câu bị động vị chí sắp xếp các trạng ngữ phải tuân theo quy tắc sau:
 S + be + Vpp + địa điểm + by O + thời gian
Ex: Lan was taken to the park by her mother yesterday morning.
 S be VP2 địa điểm by O thời gian 
	- Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật sự việc thì ta dùng giới từ “With” thay vì dùng “by” trước objects.
	Ex: Smoke filled the room. 
	The room was filled with smoke.
	- Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ thì một trong hai tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động. Tuy nhiên tân ngữ chỉ người được ưu tiên sữ dụng nhiều hơn.
	Ex: I am writing her a letter
	 O1 O2 
	She is being written a letter.
	A letter is being written to her.
 	- Các động từ: ask/ tell/ give/ send/ show/ teach/ pay/ offer... thường có hai tân ngữ. 
	- nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động ở thể phủ định ( no one, nobody, none of... thì khi chuyển sang câu bị động, chúng ta chia động từ bị động ở dạng bị động.
Ex: No one can answer this question.
	This question can’t be answered.
Một số dạng bị động khác
1/ Dạng nhờ bảo: ( Causative form) “ Have / Get/ make”
 Active: S + have + O (người) + bare infinitive + O (người/ vật)
 Passive: S + have + O (vật) + Vpp + ( by O người )
Ex: 	 - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
	I had my bicycle repaired (by him) yesterday.	
 Active: S + get + O (người) + to infinitive + O (vật)
 Passive: S + get + O (vật) + Vpp + (by O người )
Ex: 	- I get her to make some coffee.
	 I get some coffee made (by her).
 Active: S + make + O (người) + bare infinitive + O2 (người/ vật)
 Passive: S + be made + to infinitive + O2 + ( by O người )
Ex: 	- He makes this boy clean the car.
	 	 The boy is made to clean the car. 
2/ Động từ chỉ giác quan: (see/ watch/ hear ....) 
 Active: S + verb + O + bare infinitive / V-ing + ...
 Passive: S (OA) + be + Vpp + to infinitive/ V-ing + ...
Ex:	- They saw her come in.
	She was seen to come in.
3/ Động từ chỉ ý kiến: (say/ think/ believe/ report/ .....)
 Active: S + verb + That + clause ( S2 + V2 + O2) 
 Passive: * It + be + Vpp + that + clause
 * S2 + be + Vpp + to infinitive 
 to have Vpp
Ex: 
	- People say that he is a famous doctor.
	 It is said that he is a famous doctor.
	He is said to be a famous doctor.
4/ Câu mệnh lệnh:
a/ 	Active: Verb + O + ...
	Passive: 	Let + O + be Vpp +....
Ex: 	write your name here.
	Let your name be written here.
b/ 	S + let + O(người) + do + something
	 S(O) + be + let + to do something.
	 S(O) + be + allowed + to do something.
Ex: 	He let me go out
	I was let to go out
	I was allowed to go out.
Circle the corect answer 
1. My wedding ring  of yellow and white gold.
a. is made	b. is making	c. made	d. maked
2. If your brother ., he would come.
a. invited	b. were invited	c. were inviting	d. invite
3. References . in the examination room.
a. not are used	b. is not used	c. didn’t used d. are not used
4. Mary .. in Boston.
a. are born	b. were born	c. was born	d. born
5. This house is going  by my mother.
a. sold	b. to be sold	c. to sold	d. to sell
6.There’s somebody hehind us . I think we .
a. are being followed	b. are followed	c. follow	d. are following
7. Have you .. by a dog?
a. bite	b. ever been bit	c. ever been bitten	d. bit
8.The room is being .. at the moment.
a. was cleaned	b. cleaned	c. cleaning	d. clean
9. The road to our village . widened next year.
a. is	b. will	c. can	d. will be
10. The old lady was .exhausted after the long walk.
a. very	b. absolutely	c. pretty	d. fairly.
11. The old man ............. to have left all his money to an old people’s home when he died.
a. said	b. is saying	c. say	d. is said
12. Nobody ................ in the accident , were they?
a. was not	b. was injuring	c. was injured	d. were injured
13. Renoir’s paintings .. masterpieces all over the world.
a. had considered	b. are considered	c. are considering	d. consider.
14. He to take singing lessons last week.
a. advises	b. advised	c. was advising	d. was advised.
15. Let them .................. about it.
a. be told	b. telling	c. are told	d. having told.
16. When..? In 1928.
a. penicillin was discovered	b. did pencillin discoved.
c. was penicillin disscoverd	d. did pencillin discover.
17. I don’t remember..of the decision to change the company policy on vacations.
a. telling	b. being told	c. to tell	d. to be told.
18. The children to the zoo.
a. were enjoyed taken	b. enjoyed being taken
c. were enjoyed taking	d. enjoyed taking.
19. A new bike . for him on his birthday.
a. buys	b. was bought	c. was being bought d. is bought
20. The special cameras ......................to me.
a. show	b. weren’t shown	c. is being shown	d. has shown
21. Her watch needs.
a. reparing	b. to be repaired	c. repaired	d. a&b
22. He was said.this building.
a. designing	b. to have designed	c. to designs	 d. designed
23. Have above sentences ..................... ?
a. finished	b. been finished	c. be finished	d. being finished
24. Let the children..taken to the cinema.
a. to 	b. be 	c. to be	d. being
25. That book ................ by a famous author.
a. wrote	b. was written	c. is writing	d. has written 
26. Marry ................ to have gone away.
a. thought	b. was thought	c. was thinking	d. thinks 
	 - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
27. I had my bicycle ................ repaired by him yesterday.	
a. repair	b. repaired	c. is repairing	d. to repair
28. The profits are supposed . among the shareholders.
a. to divide	b. to be divided	c. dividing	d. being divided
29. When you are on duty, your uniform must . at all times. 
a. wear	b. be wear	c. be worn	d. be wearing
30. After the test papers . to the students in class tomorrow, the students . their next assignment.
a. will return – will be given	b. will be returned – are given
c. are returning – are giving	d. are returned – will be given
31. The class for next semester is too large. It ought to . in half.
a. be divided 	b. divide	c. have divided	d. have been divided
32. The entire valley can . from their mountain home.
a. see	b. be seen 	c. being seen	d. sees	
33. He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger. He must.
a. have been married 	b. be married	c. marry	d. have married
34. A child should . everything he or she wants.
a. gives	b. give	c. have been given	d. be given
35. Your daughter has a good voice. Her interest in singing . encouraged.
a. should be	b should	c. be	d. have
36. I found this book on my desk when I came to class. It must ...... by one of the students in earlier class.
a. be left	b. have been left	c. leave	d. have left
37. These books will have to . to the library tomorrow.
a. return	b. have returned	c. being returned	d. be returned
38. Ann’s birthday was on the 5th, and now it’s already the 8th. Her birthday card . a week ago.
a. will be sent	b. can be sent	
c. should have been sent	d. should have sent
39. Bill .Ann to the party tomorrow.
a. will be invited	b. will invite
c. will have invited	d. will have been invited
40. A new hospital .in this area.
a. are going to be built	b. builds	c. is going to be built d. is going to build
41. Our test papers .by our teachers now.
a. are marking	b are being marked	c. will mark	 d. will be marked
42. Many U.S. automobiles ............. in Detroit, Michigan.
a. manufacture 	b. have manufactured	
c. are manufactured	d. are manufacturing
43. I still can’t believe it! My bicycle ................... last night.
a was stolen	b. was stealing	c. stolen	d. stole 
44. Let’s go ahead and do it now. Nothing .................... by waiting.
a. will be accomplished 	b. accomplished	
c. has accomplished	 	 d. accomplishes
45. The rescuers ............... for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers.
a. were praised	b. praised	
c. were praising	d. praising
Choose the letter A, B, C or D that should be correct to complete the sentences.
46. The children were frightening by the thunder and lightning.
 A B C D
47. Two people got hurt in the accident and were took to the hospital by an ambulance.
 A B C D
48. The students helped by the clear explanation that the teacher gave. 
 A B C D
49. That alloy is composing by iron and tin.
 A B C D
50. The winner of the race hasn’t been announcing yet.
 A B C D