Chuyên đề Relative clause

RELATIVE CLAUSE
Person
things
Subject
Who [that)
Which [that)
Place
WHERE
Object
Who / whom [that)
Time
WHEN
Possessive
Whose 
Whose / of which
Reason
WHY
Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề được mở đầu bằng một đại từ liên hệ (who, whom, which, that). Nó làm chức năng của một tính từ, tức là bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
Phân loại: có 2 loại MDLH
a. Defining relative clauses: (mệnh đề giới hạn)
	Là mệnh đề cần phải có trong câu, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không có nghĩa rõ ràng
	Đối với loại câu này, đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi. Ta có thể dùng từ that thay thế cho who, whom, which
b. Non-defining relative clause: ( mệnh đề không giới hạn)
 	Là phần bổ túc thêm cho nghĩa của danh từ đứng trước, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn có nghĩa rõ ràng
	Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
- Trước danh từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/
	- Từ quan hệ là tên riêng hoặc danh từ riêng.
	Trước và sau mệnh đề này phải có dấu (,). Trường hợp này ta không được dùng từ “that” thay thế cho who, whom, which và không được bỏ ĐTQH trong mệnh đề này.
	Ex1: My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
	 ---> My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
	Ex2 : Mr Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
	---> Mr Brown, who(m) we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
c. Các trường hợp phải và không được dùng that 
	* Trường hợp phải dùng that: sau một danh từ hỗn hợp (vừa chỉ người, vừa chỉ vật hoặc đồ vật)
	Eg: We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field
	- Sau đại từ bất định:
	Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
	- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY:
	Ex: This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
	 All that is mine is yours.
 	 You are the only person that can help us.
	- Trong cấu trúc It + be +  + that  (chính là )
	 Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
	* Trường hợp không dùng that: mệnh đề có dấu (,), ĐTQH có giới từ đứng trước.
	Note: giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom và which, không đứng trước who và that
	Eg: Peter, who/whom I played tennis with on Sunday, was fitter than me.
	 Or: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.
	Not: Peter, with who I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.
d. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính từ: (WHOM / WHICH)
	Ex: The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
	---> The man to whom I last night speaks English very fast.
	 The house is for sale. I was born in it.
	---> The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT, WHO sau giới từ.
	The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
	Ex: Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
	---> Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
	He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
	---> He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
REDUCE RELATIVE CLAUSES (Rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ thành cụm tính từ):
1. Active: Ta có thể dùng present participle (Ving) để thay thế cho MDLH khi nó mang nghĩa chủ động
E.g.: - The man who stands at the door is my uncle.
 - The man who is / was standing at the door is my uncle.
 - The man who stood at the door is my uncle.
 The man standing at the door is my uncle.
2. Passive: Ta có thể dùng past participle (V2ed) để thay thế cho MDLH khi nó mang nghĩa bị động
E.g.: - The woman who is / was given a flower looks / looked very happy.
 The woman given a flower looks / looked very happy.
3. Infinitive relative clause: (active / passive)
 a. Active: - The first student who comes to class has to clean the board.
 The first student to come to class has to clean the board.
 b. Passive: - The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s.
 The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s.
Notes: We can use an active or a passive to-infinitive after an ordinal number (first, second, ..), next, after, last, only, and an indefinite pronoun (something, anything, )
OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
* Examples:
The manager was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.
The manager (who / whom / that) I wanted to see was away on holiday.
* Notes: - We can leave out the pronoun when it stands for an object pronoun of defining relative clauses, and there is no preposition in front of it.
- Clauses without relative pronouns are very common in informal English.
EXERCISES 
1. What’s the name of the man _________?
	A. you borrowed his car	B. which car you borrowed
 	C. whose car you borrowed 	D. his car you borrowed
2.	Colin told me about his job,______ very much.
	A. that he’s enjoying	B. which he’s enjoying	C. he’s enjoying	D. he’s enjoying it
3.	Sheila couldn’t come to the party, ______ was a pity.
	A. that	B. it	C. what	D. which
4.	Some of the people__________to the party can’t come.
	A. inviting	B. invited	C. who invited 	D. they were invited
5.	Do you know the woman__________lives next door?
	A. she	B. who	C. whom	D. her
6.	They are never on time, _______can’t be explained
	A. who 	B. that	C. what 	D. which
7.	A pensioner is someone ______ no longer works and gets money from the state.
	A. whom	B. whose	C. which 	D. that
8.	The man ______ answered the telephone told me you were away.
 	A. whom	B. he	C. who 	D. what
9.	Some people__________were arrested have now been released.
	A. that	B. which 	C. whom	D. x
10.	They give their children everything ______ they want.
	A. what	B. x	C. who	D. how
11.	Tell me ______ you want and I’ll try to get it for you.
	A. that	B. how 	C. what	D. A and C
12.	The women__________he fell in love left him after a few weeks.
	A. with whom	B. who	C. to whom	D. for whom
13.	Do you still remember the day__________we first met?
 	A. where 	B. whom	C. which	D. when
14.	I don’t know the name of the woman ______ I spoke on the phone.
	A. whom	B. who	C. to whom	D. to that
15.	This school is often for children ______ first language is not English.
	A. who	B. that	C. whose	D. x
16.	Fortunately we had a map, ______we would have got lost.
	A. no which	B. without which	C. none that 	D. without that
17.	They asked me a lot of questions, ______ I couldn’t answer.
	A. all of whom	B. that	C. all of which	D. who
18.	The secretary was the only people ______ by the traffic chaos.
	A. delay	B. to be delayed	C. who delayed	D. whom delayed
19.	An obstacle is something,__________your way.
	A. blocked	B. to block	C. that is blocked 	D. which is blocking
20.	______ I really need is a long holiday.
	A. That	B. What 	C. Which	D. Who
21.	A chemical company__________has gone bankrupt.
	A. to employ 4000 people 	B. employing 4000 people 	
	C. employ 4000 people 	D. that was employed 4000 people 
22.	The picture__________Laura painted is being shown in an exhibition.
 	A. that	B. which	C. why	D. A and B
23.	The plane__________has just taken off is an hour late.
	A. it 	B. what 	C. which	D. who
24.	I had just only one reply. Albco was the ______ company to reply my letter.
	A. last	B. most	C. only 	D. second
25.	The week ______ Mike went to camping was the wettest of the year.
	A. which	B. when	C. how	D. who
26.	Which is the European country__________economy is growing the fastest?
	A. who	B. what	C. whose	D. that
27.	Martin is someone with ______ I usually agree.
	A. that	B. which	C. who	D. whom
28.	Melanie was looking after a dog__________leg had been broken in an accident.
	A. who	B. whose	C. that	D. what
29.	I’d like to see the photo ______ 
	A. took	B. you took it	C. that you took	D. that you took it
30.	There are people__________no one cares.
	A. about which	B. who	C. for whom	D. to whom
31.	That is a problem, _______the government is now dealing.
	A. to which	B. with which	C. with how	D. which
32.	It rained all the time, ______ was a great pity.
	A. that	B. what	C. which	D. who
33.	A hammer is a tool ______ you hit nails with.
	A. that 	B. which	 C. what	D. A and B
34.	The Titanic, _______, was supposed to be unsinkable.
	A. that sinking in 1922	B. which sank in 1922	
	C. sink in 1922	D. that sank in 1922
35.	____________ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common belief.
	A. Malaria	B. That malaria	
	C. Why malaria	D. For malaria
36.	One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is__________ .
	A. people learn	B. how do people learn	C. people learn how	D. how people learn
37.	Is that the lawyer to ______ you spoke?
	A. who 	B. what 	C. whom	D. which
38.	The melting point is the temperature__________a solid changes to a liquid.
	A. which	B. at which	C. at	D. which at
39.	Most folks songs are ballads______ have simple words and tell simple stories.
	A. what 	B. whose	C. how	D. that
40.	A battery is a device__________electricity by chemical means.
	A. it produces	B. by which production of C. produces	D. which produces
41.	In geometry, a tangent is a straight line__________a curve at only one point.
	A. it touches	B. whose touching	C. its touching	D. that touches
42.	Some ancient units such as the day, the foot, and the pound__________today.
	A. are still in use	B. that are still in use	C. which are still in use	D. still in use
43.	The scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)__________by high school students as a requirement for admission to many colleges.
	A. which is taken	B. is taken	C. taken	D. is taking
44.	Camp David__________the official country home of the U.S presidents.
	A. that is 	B. that it is	C. it is	D. is
45.	In a meritocracy, intelligence and ability ______ more than social position or wealth.
	A. which value	B. that are valued	C. valuing	D. are valued
46.	I have just bought a television set__________in Japan.
	A. which made	B. in which made	C. who is made	D. made
47.	David was the only person ______ his help.
 	A. who offers	B. to offer	C. that will offer	D. offering
48.	They took her to the hospital,________ is only a mile away.
	A. which	B. where	C. in which	D. that
49.	I always remember my school day_____ I felt very happy together with my classmates and teachers.
	A. on which	B. on that 	C. where	D. which
50.	Love, ______is the most wonderful feeling, comes to me now.
	A. that	B. which	C. what	D. who