Chuyên đề Một số động từ khiếm khuyết cơ bản

(MỘT SỐ ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT CƠ BẢN)
A. LÝ THUYẾT
I. Modal verbs + V0 (dùng trong tình huống ở hiện tại)
1. MAY (có lẽ (sẽ), có thể (sẽ)): dùng để thể hiện:
	- yêu cầu/ sự xin phép lịch sự
	VD: May I borrow your pen?
	- sự suy đoán ít chắc chắn
	VD: - Where is John? - He may be at the library.
	- sự cho phép
	VD: You may take my car as long as you return it before tomorrow.
2. MIGHT (có lẽ, có thể): dùng để thể hiện:
	- sự suy đoán nhưng ít chắc chắn hơn MAY
	VD: - Where is John? - He might be at the library. (But less sure than “He may be at the library.)
	- sự xin phép/ cho phép (ít thông dụng bằng MAY)
	VD: Might I sit here?
3. MUST (phải, chắc chắn phải): dùng để thể hiện:
	- sự bắt buộc (chúng ta cũng có thể dùng HAVE TO) 
	VD: You must be here before 8 o’clock.
	 I have to do this work now.
	- sự suy đoán có căn cứ (gần như chắc chắn)
	VD: Mary keeps crying. She must have some problems.
4. MUSTN’T (không được): dùng để diễn tả sự cấm đoán
	VD: You mustn’t smoke here.
5. SHOULD = OUGHT TO = HAD BETTER (nên): dùng để thể hiện sự khuyên bảo
	VD: It’s late. You’d better/should/ought to hurry up.
6. NEEDN’T (không cần phải): dùng để diễn tả sự không cần thiết
	VD: I washed my car yesterday. You needn’t wash it again.
7. CAN (có thể, có khả năng): dùng để thể hiện:
	- khả năng (chúng ta cũng có thể dùng AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO)
	VD: He can play the guitar.
	 He is able to speak 3 languages.
	- yêu cầu, sự xin phép
	VD: Can you help me?
	 Can I have a glass of water, please?
	- lời đề nghị được giúp đỡ
	VD: I can post this letter for you.
8. WILL (sẽ): dùng để thể hiện:
	- yêu cầu
	VD: Will you turn on the light, please?
	- lời đề nghị được giúp đỡ
	VD: I will lend you some money.
	- lời hứa, sự đe dọa
	VD: I promise I will be on time tomorrow.
	 Give me all your money or I will kill you.
II. Modal verbs + have + V3: (dùng trong tình huống quá khứ)	
1. MAY/ MIGHT/COULD + HAVE + V3 (có lẽ đã): dùng để:
	- thể hiện một sự phỏng đoán ở quá khứ
	VD: Tom came late yesterday. He may have missed the train.
	- nói rằng điều gì đó đã có thể xảy ra ở quá khứ nhưng đã không xảy ra (chỉ dùng “might” hoặc “could”, không dùng “may”)
	VD: You were stupid to climb that tree. You might have killed yourself.
2. MUST + HAVE + V3 (chắc chắn đã), CAN’T/COULDN’T HAVE + V3 (chắc chắn đã không): dùng để thể hiện 1 sự suy luận có căn cứ ở quá khứ
	VD: Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive.
	 You can’t have been at the swimming pool yesterday. The swimming pool was closed all day yesterday.
3. SHOULD + HAVE + V3/ OUGHT TO + HAVE + V3 (có lẽ đã): dùng để diễn tả:
	- 1 mong muốn điều gì đó xảy ra nhưng chúng ta không biết là nó đã có xảy ra hay không
	VD: They should have arrived by now. (But I don’t know if they have arrived.
	- 1 mong muốn điều gì đó xảy ra nhưng nó đã không xảy ra
	VD: They should have arrived by now, but they aren’t there yet.
4. NEEDN’T + HAVE + V3 (không cần phải): dùng để nói rằng ai đó đã làm điều gì đó, nhưng điều đó là không cần thiết – là 1 sự lãng phí thời gian
	VD: I needn’t have told Kate the news. She already knew. (= It was not necessary to tell Kate, but I did.)
5. USED TO + V0 (thường, đã từng): dùng để diễn tả:
	- 1 thói quen ở quá khứ mà bây giờ đã kết thúc (thường)
	VD: When I was young, I used to cry.
	- 1 sự việc ở quá khứ mà bây giờ không còn nữa (đã từng)
	VD: I used to live in London, but I moved in 2000.
6. WOULD (thường): dùng để diễn tả 1 thói quen ở quá khứ (= used to)
	VD: When we were children, we would go swimming in the river near our house.
II. PHẦN BÀI TẬP
Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành những câu sau với “must not” và “need not”.
1. You ___________ ring the bell; I have a key.
2. We ___________ drive fast; we have a plenty of time.
3. We ___________ drive fast; there is a speed limit here.
4. Candidates ___________ bring books into the examination room.
5. You ___________ write to him for he will be here tomorrow.
6. We ___________ make any noise or we’ll wake the baby.
7. You ___________ do all the exercises. Ten sentences will be enough.
8. I want this letter typed but you ___________ do it today. Tomorrow will do.
9. You ___________ take anything out of the shop without paying for it.
10. You ___________ carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it.
Bài tập 2: Chọn câu trả lời đúng
1. I’m not sure. I ___________ come a few minutes late.
	A. may	B. must	C. mustn’t	D. needn’t
2. Bring your umbrella. It ___________ rain later today.
	A. must	B. may	C. mustn’t	D. needn’t
3. “What are you doing this weekend?”
 “I haven’t decided yet. I ___________ go on a picnic with my family.”
	A. may	B. may not	C. must	D. needn’t
4. “I didn’t have time for breakfast this morning.”
 “You ____________ be very hungry now.”
	A. might	B. may	C. mustn’t	D. must
5. It’s quite urgent. You ___________ type the reports today.
	A. must	B. might	C. needn’t	D. would
6. Don’t worry if you’re a minute or two late. We ___________ be exactly on time for the meeting.
	A. must	B. mustn’t	C. needn’t 	D. may
7. Jane’s glasses are on the desk, so she ___________ be here.
	A. must	B. shall	C. ought	D. will
8. The gas tank is almost empty. We ______________ stop at the next service station.
	A. mustn’t	B. might	C. needn’t	D. had better
9. A person ______________ eat in order to live.
	A. have to	B. must	C. should	D. may
10. A person ____________ eat a balanced diet.
	A. should	B. ought	C. may	D. must
11. I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I ______________ walk home.
	A. should	B. mustn’t	C. have to	D. needn’t
12. You ______________ eat these mushrooms. They are very poisonous.
	A. needn’t	B. can’t	C. mustn’t	D. won’t
13. I can’t find my umbrella. I _____________ it in the restaurant last night.
	A. must have left	B. had left	C. left	D. might leave
14. I had a test this morning. I didn’t do it well. I ______________ last night.
	A. should study	B. must have studied	C. should have studied	D. must study
15. Tom goes to school very often, but he was absent yesterday. He ______________ ill.
	A. must be	B. must have been	C. might be	D. might have been.
EXERCISES FOR MODAL VERBS AND PASSIVE VOICE
I. Điền động từ khiếm khuyết thích hợp vào chỗ trống.
1.  I borrow your pen?
2. - Where is John? - He  be at the library.
3. You  take my car as long as you return it before tomorrow.
4.  I sit here?
5. You  smoke here.
6. It’s late. You  hurry up.
7. I washed my car yesterday. You  wash it again.
8. He  play the guitar.
9. He  speak 3 languages.
10.  you help me?
11. I  post this letter for you.
12. I promise I  be on time tomorrow.
13. Give me all your money or I  kill you.
14.  you turn on the light, please?
15. I  lend you some money.
16. When I was young, I  cry.
17. I  live in London, but I moved in 2000.
18. You  ring the bell; I have a key.
19. We  drive fast; we have a plenty of time.
20. We  drive fast; there is a speed limit here.
21. Candidates  bring books into the examination room.
22. You  write to him for he will be here tomorrow.
23. We  make any noise or we’ll wake the baby.
24. You  do all the exercises. Ten sentences will be enough.
25. I want this letter typed but you  do it today. Tomorrow will do.
26. You  take anything out of the shop without paying for it.
27. You  carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it.
28. The gas tank is almost empty. We  stop at the next service station.
29. It’s quite urgent. You  type the reports today.
30. Bring your umbrella. It  rain later today.
31. I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I  walk home.
32. You  eat these mushrooms. They are very poisonous.
II. Viết lại các câu sau, bắt đầu bằng từ cho sẵn.
1. He broke my watch.
	My watch ..
2. The teacher explained the rule to the student.
	The rule ..
3. He often asks me to help him.
	I ..
4. His friends never forgave his betrayal.
	His betrayal ..
5. I am sure we’ll settle the matter easily. 
	I’m sure the matter ..
6. We sent for the police.
	The police ..
7. They speak much about this book.
	This book ..
8. Have they tested all the machines?
	Have all the machines ..
9. Does he realize that they are laughing at him?
	Does he realize that he ..
10. The manager offers me several jobs.
	I ..
11. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.
	Our exercises at home ..	
12. Ali’s absence worried his mother.
	His mother ..	
13. They are building several new schools in our town.
	Several new schools..	
14. We have made great progress in industry, science and medicine.
	Great progress in industry, science and medicine ..	
15. Sam killed a lion last week.
	A lion ..	
16. You must hand in your report before the end of this month.
	Your report ..	
17. I had just finished the job when the factory closed.
	The job ..	
18. No one has opened that box for the past hundred years.
	That box ..	
19. Are you going to mail these letters soon?
	Are these letters ..	
20. He should have finished the report yesterday.
	The report ..	
21. Scientists began to carry out researches on SIDA two years ago.
	Researches on SIDA ..	
22. They say that he is the richest man in our town.
	He ..
	It ..	
23. I can assure you I will arrange everything in time. 
	I can assure you everything ..	
24. We haven’t moved anything since they sent you away to cure you.
	Anything ..