Chuyên đề Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative clauses)

MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ - RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Định nghĩa:
	- Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (Adjective clause) là một mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó (tiền ngữ).
	- Mệnh đề quan hệ được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT,WHOSE hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
	- Vị trí : Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa.
II. Cách dùng: Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:
 Functions
Antecedents
Subject
Object
Poss.
Adv
Things
Which
Which
Whose + n
(of which)
People
Who
Whom
Whose + n 
Place
Where
Time
When
Reason
Why 
1. WHO: - WHO là một đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun) chỉ người, nó đúng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau no (S). ex: The man who is standing over there is Mr Pike.
2. WHOM: - WHOM là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để lam tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó (O). ex: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.
3. WHICH: - WHICH là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ vật để làm chủ ngữ (S) hoặc làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó (O). ex: This is the book which I like best. /The hat which is red is mine. 
4. THAT: - THAT là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, nó có thể dùng thay cho WHO/WHOM/ WHICH trong mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn. ( Restrictive clauses). ex: That is the book that I like best. 
5. WHOSE: - WHOSE là một đại từ quan hệ đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người và thay cho tính từ sở hữu đúng trước danh từ. WHOSE cũng được dùng cho vật ( = Of which ). WHOSE luôn đi kèm với một danh từ.
ex: The boy whose bicycle you borowed yesterday is Tom.	He found a cat whose leg was broken.
6. WHEN: - WHEN là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian.
	- WHEN được dùng để thay cho “ at/ on/ in/ + which; then”
ex: May Day is the day when / on which peole hold a meeting.
7. WHERE: - WHERE là môt trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ nơi chốn.
	- WHERE được dùng để thay cho “ at/ on/ in/ + which; there”
ex: That is the house where/ in which we are living now.
8. WHY: - WHY là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, nó đứng liền sau tiền ngữ “ THE REASON”.
	- WHY được dùng để thay cho “ FOR THE REASON”
ex: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad. 
* Relative Clauses:
 Rel. Cl.
Ant.
Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb
The other parts
Things
+ which / that
+ V ( + O)
+ S + V
People
+ who / that
+ whom /that
+ V( + O)
+ S + V
People/ things
+ whose
 V ( + O)
+ n + S + V
Place
Time
Reason
+ where
+ when
+ why
 + S + V (+ O)
Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door.
 « Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?
b/ She showed me the radio. She had bought it « She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.
c/ I don’t like the people. People lose their temper easily.
 « I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily.
d/ The man works here. I saw him yesterday. « The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.
e/ The house is very large. Its door is green. « The house whose door is green is very large.
f/ Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle. « Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?
g/ Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam. «Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.
III. Phân loại: Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clauses)
- Đây là mệnh đề cần thiết vì tiền ngữ chưa xác định, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa, không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy.	ex: The man who/ that keeps the school library is Mr. Green.
 	Restrictive relative clause
- Nếu đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ thì ta có thể lược bỏ đi.
Ex: Here is the car I told you about.	Do the tests I gave you.
2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-defining relative clauses)
- Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì tiền ngữ đã được xác định, chỉ có tác dụng bổ nghĩa cho từ đứng trước nó, không có nó câu vẫn đầy đủ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy. 
- Từ/cụm từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thường là tên riêng (Mary, Hoa...), tên môn thể thao (football, tennis...), danh từ có các đại từ chỉ định( this, that, these, those) hoặc tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, your...).
ex: This is Mrs Lien, who helped me last week.
	 Non- Restrictive relative clause
Ex: This is my book. I bought it at ABC bookstore.à This is my book, which I bought at ABC bookstore.
IV. Mệnh đề quan hệ và giới từ:
- Giới từ có thể đứng sau động từ hoặc trước đại từ quan hệ.
ex: This is the man whom Peter lives with. = This is the man with whom Peter lives.
- during, without luôn đứng trước đại từ quan hệ.
- Không dùng who/that sau giới từ.
- Đối với các cụm động từ (get up, turn of, look for, look after,...) thì giới từ luôn đứng sau động từ chính.
V. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ: 
Replacing/ Reducing Relative Clause: (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ).
Replacing/ Reducing by RC Present Participle Phrase: (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cụm Hiện tại phân từ_ V_ing):
Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn về cụm Hiện tại phân từ nếu câu trong mệnh đề quan hệ đó ở thể Chủ động.
Ex: The man who is standing over there is my father.
→ The man standing over there is my father.
Ex: The girl who helped you yesterday is a student of class 11/7.
→ The girl helping you yesterday is a student of class 11/7.
Replacing/ Reducing RC by Past Participle Phrase (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng Quá khứ phân từ (V3/ V_ed)).
Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn về cụm Quá khứ phân từ nếu câu trong Mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động.
Ex: The man who was invited to the party last night is my friend.
→ The man invited to the party last night is my friend.
**. Các cách xác định:
	Verb ( Vs/ Ves) / Ved/ V2
*. S+ Relative Pronounce + 	Tobe + V_ing. (Chủ Động)
	Have/ has/ had + P.P
 *. 
	Tobe ( am/ is/ are / was/ were + P.P( V3/ Ved) )
 S + R.P + 	Tobe + Being + P.P ( V3/Ved) ( Bị Động)
	Have/ has/ had/ + Been + P.P ( V3/ Ved)).
Replacing/ Reducing RC by Infinitive Phrase ( Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cụm “ To_ infinitive”)
Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn bằng cụm “ To_infinitive” nếu:
+ Trong câu chứ số thứ tự ( first, second, third, next, last...).
 Ex: He is the first person who came to class this morning.
 → He is the first person to come to class this morning. 
+ Trong câu có chứa Modal verbs ( can, could, may, must...).
 Ex: We had a river which we could swim in.
 → We had a river to swim in.
+ Trong câu có chứa từ chỉ sự duy nhất “ Only” :
 Ex: He is only a man that helps you. 
 → He is only a man to help you.
VI. Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
Ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ nếu nó làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và không có giới từ đứng trước nó.	Ex: Here is the car which I sold him.	® Here is the car I sold him.
V. THAT
1. That được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:
- Thay Who/ Whom/ Which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
- Sau so sánh nhất: 
Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman. I have met her.àShe is the most warm-heated woman that I have met
- Sau những từ như: all, few, any, only, anything, last, first, It + be + 
Ex: Do all the test. I gave you them à Do all the test that I gave you.
 It is the girl. She does this exercises.à It is the girl that does this exercises.
- Sau những danh từ vừa chỉ người vừa chỉ vật.
Ex: I see people and cattle. They go down town. à I see people and cattle that go down town.
2. That không được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:
- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
Ex: This is Nam. He is my best friend. à 	This is Nam who is my best friends
This is Nam that is my best friends. (wrong)
- Có giới từ đứng liền trước nó.
Ex: Here is the car. I told you about it. à 	Here is the car which I told you about.
Here is the car about which I told you. /Here is the car that I told you about.
Here is the car about that I told you. (wrong)
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
This is the place _________ I met my wife.	A. what 	B. where	C. which	D. that
Simon is the man _________ Mary loves.	A. who 	B. which	C. whom	D. A&C
She is the one _________ I told you about.	A. what 	B. which	C. whose	D. who
Those ___ had studied hard passed their exams.	A. what 	B. which	C. who	D. whose
The magazine _____ you lent me is interesting.	A. what 	B. which	C. whom	D. whose
The man _________ is resting is very tired.	A. what 	B. which	C. whom	D. who
The boy _______ sat next to you is my friend.	A. who 	B. which	C. whom	D. whose
We are using books ____were printed last year.	A. what 	B. who	C. which	D. whose
I don't like stories_____ have unhappy endings.	A. where 	B. which 	C. they 	D. who
This is a town ________ many people live.	A. in which 	B. which	C. at which	D. on which
She, ________ is your sister, lives far away.	A. which 	B. who	C. whom	D. she
I see some girls ________ are pretty.	A. whom	B. which	C. who	D. they
Give back the money ________ you took.	A. it	B. who	C. whom	D. which
He was killed by a man ____ friends we know.	A. whose 	B. which	C. whom	D. that
He spoke to the messengers with __ you were leaving.	A. which	B. whom	C.whose D. that
We captured a town ________ is in Spain.	A. whom	B. where	C. which	D. it
The farmers ______ we saw were in the field.	A. whose 	B. which	C. they	D. whom
The women ____ I gave the money were glad.	A. to whom 	B. to that	C. for whom	D. for that
I saw those slaves __ had been led to the city.	A. whose 	B. which	C. whom	D. who
The people ____courage you praised are now citizens.	A. whose 	B. which	C. whom	D. that
You folks ____ live in farmhouses do not like the life of the city.A. whose 	B. who	C. they	D.which
Those towns ___you were looking at in Gaul are small. A. who B. where	C. which 	D.whom
I sent my friend the books _____ I had written.	A. who 	B. which	C. whom	D. what
I must thank the man from ___ I got the present.	A. who 	B. whom	C. that	D. which
He is the man _______ son is a doctor 	A. whom	B. which	C. who	D. whose
The woman ____next door is a famous singer. 	A. lives 	B. who live 	C. living 	D. that living 
The man ____ at the blackboard is our teacher.	A. stood 	B. stands 	C. standing 	D. to stand 
The film about ___ they are talking is fantastic.	A. who 	B. which	C. whom 	D. that
That ’s the woman to __ Jim used to be married.	A. who 	B. whom	C. which	D. that
The people__for the bus in the rain are getting well. A. waiting	B. to wait	C. waited	D. wait
He is the boy _______ is my best friend	A. that	B. whom	C. who	D. A& C 
Melanie was the only person __ a letter of thanks. A. wrote 	B. written 	C. to write 	D. writing
I’ll see you near the post office___we met the other day. A. which	B. where	C. when D. why
I know a boy_____father is a very important person. 	A. what 	B. where	C. which D.whose
This is the place ________ we have tea. 	A. what 	B. where	C. which D. that
Tomorrow I'll tell you the hour _____ you must come.	A. what 	B. where	C. which D. when
People ________ never work don't earn money. 	A. what 	B. who	C. which D.whom
This is the boy ________ I met in the park. 	A. what 	B. Ø	C. whom D. B&C
Dogs ________ bite people are dangerous 	A. which 	B. they	C. whom D. who
The clock ________ is over the door is broken 	A. on which 	B. they	C. which D. who
That is the boy ________ car is completely new.	A. which 	B. whose	C. whom D. who
Give me the ball __ I lent you last Sunday. A. which 	B.Ø	C. that	D.All are correct
Who is that man ________ is parking the car?	A. which 	B. they	C. who	 D.whose
Tell me the time ________ you are going to arrive.	A. at which 	B. they	C. when D. A&C
That radio ________ is on the table is not yours.	A. which 	B. they	C. whose D. who
The woman ______ is speaking to Tom is her mother.	A. which 	B. who	C. whose D. she
Do you know the wife of that man ____ is waiting for the bus?	A. which 	B. he	C. who D.whom
I apologized to the boy ______ book I borrowed. 	A. which 	B. who 	C. whom D.whose 
The books _____ written by Jack London is very interesting. A. which were B. were 	C. whose D.which 
I am going to visit the town _____ I was born and grew up. 	A. where B. which 	C. when D. who 
This is Mary, ____ is taking over my job when I leave. 	A. that 	B. which 	C. who D.whom 
I’ll never forget the place _____I first met you. 	A. at where 	B. where C. at which D.on which 
They asked me a lot of questions, _____ I couldn’t answer. 
	A. most of which 	B. of which most 	C. most of that 	D. of that most 
That is the house in ______I used to live. 	A. that 	B. which 	C. where D. there 
The man _______ is my teacher. 
	A. who she is speaking to 	B. whom she is speaking with
 	C. to whom she is speaking 	D. to whom she is speaking with 
Sunday is the day _______which we usually go fishing. A. during 	B. at 	C. in 	D. on 
The music ______ we listened last night was boring. 	A. to which 	B. which to 	C. to that 	D. that 
The man __ I introduced you to last night is thoughtful. 	A. whom 	B. that 	C. Ø D.all are correc
She couldn’t answer any question, _______made me surprised. A. that B. it 	C. this 	D. which 
It ____in Hanoi ____ I was born and grew up. 	A. is/that 	B. was/that 	C. was/which	D.is/which 
It____ Lan ___ always helps him in his trouble. 	A. was/who 	B. was/that 	C. is/who 	D. is/ which 
He told her about the book. He liked it best. 
	A. He told her about the book which he liked it best.	B. He told her about the book which he liked best.
	C. He told her about the book whom he liked best.	D. He told her about the book whose he liked best.
The old man is working in this factory. I borrowed his bicycle yesterday. 
	A. The old man is working in this factory which I borrowed his bicycle yesterday.
	B. The old man whom is working in this factory I borrowed his bicycle yesterday.
	C. The old man whom I borrowed his bicycle yesterday is working in this factory. 
	D. The old man whose bicycle I borrowed yesterday is working in this factory. 
This is my opinion. You can do nothing to change it. 
 A. You can do nothing to change it my mind.	B. There’s nothing you can do to change my mind.
C. There’s nothing can be done except changing my mind. D. You can do everything to change it my mind.
The man _________________________, is the secretary. 
	A. which you have just spoken 	B. whose you have just spoken	
	C. to whom you have just spoken 	D. to who you have just spoken	
It is the village where you ______________________, isn’t it ? 
	A. used to living 	B. used to live 	C. use to live 	D. use living	
This is my opinion. You can do nothing to change it. 
 A. You can do nothing to change it my mind.	B. There’s nothing you can do to change my mind.
C. There’s nothing can be done except changing my mind. D. You can do everything to change it my mind.
We like the computer. We bought it yesterday. 
	A. We like the computer which we bought it yesterday C. We like the computer we bought yesterday. 
 	B. We like the computer we bought which yesterday D. The computer we like we bought yesterday.
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Combine these sentences using : 
My parents send their best wishes. You met them last month.	
The parcel contained a bomb. They had opened it carefully.	
The match will be shown on TV tonight. They filmed it this afternoon.	
His sisters are identical twins. I saw them last	
The lady is a famous writer. You met her at the party last night.	
The child enjoyed the chocolates. Her mother bought them from France.	
A woman answered the phone . She told me you was busy . 
The bus is always crowded . I take it to school every morning . 
They are singing a song. I don’t know the song .
A man spoke to me . He was very helpful . 
We enjoy this city . It has been renewed a lot after the war. 
4th June is the day . I was born on that day . 
This is the house . I was born in the house . 
The film is fantastic . They are talking about it . 
She’s the nurse . We gave the flowers to her . 
Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sử dụng Ving , V3 hoặc Vto 
1. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon 
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country . 
3. The children who attend that school receive a good education . 
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress . 
5. They live in a house that was built in 1980 . 
I haven’t got anything that I could open a bottle of wine with.
Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.
I came from a city that is located in the Southern part of the country.
Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?
The people who were waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
The photograph which were published in the newspapers.
He was the second man who was killed in this way.
Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country . 
The children who attend that school receive a good education . 
The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress .
They live in a house that was built in 1980 . 
We have an apartment which overlooks the park . 
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