Chuyên đề luyện thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh: Các cách diễn đạt thông dụng trong bài viết

CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT THÔNG DỤNG TRONG BÀI VIẾT
NỘI DUNG
A. CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT LIÊN KẾT Ý TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các liên kết từ thể hiện ý thêm vào (to add)
2. Các liên từ thể hiện ý liệt kê (to list)
3. Các liên từ diễn đạt mức độ quan trọng (order of importance)
4. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện nguyên nhân, lý do (to express reason)
5. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ kết quả (express result) 
6. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để đưa ra dẫn chứng, ví dụ (to give an example)
7. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để giải thích (to explain, làm rõ ý)
8. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhấn mạnh (to emphasize)
9. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để tổng kết, kết luận (to summarize/ to conclude)
10. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý tương tự (to express similarity)
11. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhắc lại ý đã được đề cập đến trước đó. (to repeat)
12. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện sự chuyển tiếp (to express transition)
13. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ mục đích (to express purposes)
14. Các cách diễn đạt ý trái ngược (to express direct opposition)
15. Các cách diễn đạt kết quả không mong đợi (to express unexpected results)
16. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện (to express condition)
17. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện ngược lại (to express negative condition) 
18. Các cách diễn đạt ý thay thế, thay vì (to express an alternative)
19. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin cụ thể hơn hoặc đặc trưng cho thông tin trước đó (to particularize)
20. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin rõ ràng hơn và chính xác hơn ( to correct)
21. Các cách diễn đạt thời gian (to express time)
B. MỘT SỐ CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT QUEN THUỘC KHÁC TRONG VIẾT BÀI NGHỊ LUẬN VÀ BÀI BÁO CÁO TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các cách diễn đạt để giới thiệu câu chủ đề 
2. Các phát triển ý trong một đoạn văn
3. Các cách diễn đạt quan điểm
4. Các cách diễn đạt khả năng.
5. Các cách diễn đạt sự so sánh
C. BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG
NỘI DUNG CHÍNH
A. CÁC LIÊN TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý thêm vào (to add)
And Also Besides Further Furthermore 
 In addition In addition to Moreover As well What is more
E.g. 	- We kissed and hugged each other. 
- You can pay your bills in cash. You can also write a check. 
- My sister works full-time at the school cafeteria. Besides this, she is taking 18 credits at school.
- I have to study this evening. In addition, I have to cook dinner. 
- Pets need nutritious food. Furthermore, they need vaccinations. 
- As your professor, I will teach you to write better. Moreover, I will increase your vocabulary. 
- The police have found the missing money. What is more, they have arrested the thief. 
- Mary won the gymnastics competition. She graduated with honors as well. 
2. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý liệt kê (to list)
Các liên từ này cũng thường được dùng để làm dấu hiệu nhiện biết các ý chính trong bài
First / Second / Third /Last/ Last of all / Last but not least
Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly / Lastly
In the first place / In the second place / In the third place	
First of all / To begin with / Next / Then / Later / After that/ Afterward / Finally
 For one thing / For another thing
As well as / Too
E.g.
 	- First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet pig.
	- To begin with, pet pigs are cleaner than dogs.
	- For one thing, they’re completely loyal to their owners.
- For another thing, you might want to consider how cute they look in pyjamas.
- Secondly, their impressive numeracy skills must be mentioned.
	- In the third place, you can always count on your pet pig to perform some tricks for you when you’d like to impress a pretty girl.
- Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the heart to hurt a pet pig.
- Lastly, your reputation as an eccentric will rapidly grow in the neighbourhood if you’re seen walking a pet pig on a leash every morning.
3. Các cách diễn đạt mức độ quan trọng (to express order of importance)
Primarily	Essentially	Basically	
More importantly More significantly	 Most importantly	 Most significantly
E.g. 
- I’d like to talk to you about how to keep calm at your workplace. Most importantly, never go to the canteen while your boss is there.
- You’ll have to focus on your immediate surroundings. Primarily, on your computer screen.
- Above all, don’t ever look up from your notes when people are around.
- Most significantly, avoid eye-contact at all costs.
- How can I put this? Essentially, having an affair with one of your colleagues should be the last thing on your mind.
4. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện nguyên nhân, lý do (to express reason)
Because	 Since	 As	 Accordingly,
On account of	Owing to	 Due to	for 
Caused by	 Results from	 As a result of	The reason for this is
Thanks to In view of For fear of/that Given that 
E.g. 	- We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend. 
	- Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee. 
	- He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his health. 
	- Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots. 
	- His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness. 
	- The reason for this is that the traffic was too heavy.
- Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main source of income for locals.
	- In view of what you've said, I think we should reconsider our proposed course of action. 
- It's thanks to Sandy that I heard about the job. 
- They wouldn't let their cat outside for fear (that) it would get run over. 
- Given (the fact) that he's had six months to do this, he hasn't made much progress. 
5. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ kết quả (express result) 
So	Hence	 Thus	Accordingly	 Consequently	Therefore	That is why 
Because of this/that	 For this/that reason	As a result/consequence (of)
With this in mind	Bearing this in mind	Taking this into account
E.g.
- I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my neighbour’s sick cat.
- Zack has skipped school on many occasions. As a consequence, he’s failed his French test.
- We’re going to experience some meteor showers in the next few days. Therefore, the number of miraculous self-healings will rise.
- You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you with us.
- Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main source of income for locals.
- Cats have flexible spines. Hence, they can do many physical maneuvers that people cannot do. 
- Jennifer realized that her job was at a dead end. With this in mind, she went back to college to learn more skills. 
- Jennifer realized that her job was at a dead end. Take this into account, she went back to college to learn more skills. 
6. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để đưa ra dẫn chứng, ví dụ (to give an example)
For example	For instance	Such as
To demonstrate	To illustrate	 e.g
E.g. 
- To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures. For example, making your spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving him a massage after a tiring day.
- Appreciate the small things your spouse does for you. For instance, leave thank
you notes for them every now and then.
- Misunderstandings can be highly destructive. To illustrate, if your spouse sees you with a friend of the opposite sex in a café, he might not understand why he hasn’t been invited and demand an explanation.
- That sum of money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation. 
7. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để giải thích (to explain, làm rõ ý)
That is	Namely	That is to say i.e 	In other words	
To put it differently	 To put it in a different way 	To put it in another way
E.g. 
- I have a very good reason for not trusting my ex. Namely, he’s a convicted felon.
- Don’t be unsociable. In other words, go out and make some friends.
- John has managed to get over Jane. Put differently, he’s started seeing other women.
- Keep romance alive. That is to say, don’t let your lovelife fall into routine.
8. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhấn mạnh (to emphasize)
In fact/Actually	Definitely	Surprisingly	Certainly	
Indeed	Extremely	Unquestionably	Surely	
As a matter of fact	Absolutely	Without doubt	Undoubtedly
E.g. 
- I love sleeping with my pet pig. As a matter of fact, I can’t fall asleep unless he’s in my bed.
- I told them not to invite Rachel to the party. In fact, I was the only person who saw what a party pooper she really was.
- I think it would be a good idea to send her some flowers. Actually, you should get her a hundred orchids.
- He may be the best-dressed man around. Indeed, he has a really good taste in fashion.
- Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty. 
- It's absolutely impossible to work with all this noise. 
- Undoubtedly , she was the best candidate. 
9. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để tổng kết, kết luận (to summarize/ to conclude)
In short	In brief	In conclusion	In Summary All in all
To sum up	To be brief	To conclude	To summarize	
E.g. 
- In conclusion, it may be said that pigs make the best pets.
- "So you didn't enjoy the party then." "In brief, no." 
 - In summary, it may not be the best idea to frequent the same pubs as your boss.
- To sum up, some people are better suited to working from home than others.
- All in all, you have to make sure both you and your customers are satisfied with your work.
10. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý tương tự (to express similarity)
Likewise 	In the same way	Correspondingly
Similarly	In the same manner	 Also
E.g. 
- You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it. Likewise, you can’t go out with everyone who fancies you.
- You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when you’re in the library.
- She’s an excellent photographer. Correspondingly, her paintings are works of art.
- Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise will help you get rid of a few kilos.
- I want to talk to Prince Harry when I’m in England. Also, I want to meet his sister-in-law.
11. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhắc lại ý đã được đề cập đến trước đó. (to repeat)
As aforementioned	As noted before/above	As has been noted	
As explained earlier	 As mentioned earlier/above	 As mentioned previously
E.g. 
- As aforementioned, the Sun was once believed to move around the Earth. 
- As explained earlier, trees repire at night by absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide into the air.
12. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện sự chuyển tiếp (to express transition)
As far as	With regard to	As regards	As far as X is concerned
As to/for 	With respect to	Regarding
E.g. 
- I’m going to Janet’s party at the weekend. As for Mary’s, I think I’ll pass.
- Starting your own IT company may be the one of the best things you can do right now. With respect to opening a pet shop, it’s hard to say the same thing.
- Start your day with making the most important phone calls. Regarding emails, you might put them off until later.
- With regard to handling complaints, you might want to keep in mind that your customers are always right.
- Working from home has many advantages. As regards disadvantages, it might be difficult to keep your cat off your keyboard.
- As far as dogs are concerned, they might give you a chance to get up from your desk and get some exercise during the day.
13. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ mục đích (to express purposes)
To	In order to	So as to 	So that 	In order that	
With the purpose of 	With a view to	
	E.g. 
	- In order to make a cake, you need to some instructions.
	- With the purpose of widening their knowledge, many students choose to study abroad.
- The antique table needs refinishing. For this purpose, we are stripping away the old varnish and sanding the wood.
14. Các cách diễn đạt ý trái ngược (to express direct opposition)
However	Conversely	By contrast	But
Compared to	 On the other hand	In contrast	Whereas
By comparison	Compared with	On the contrary	Contrary to 
E.g. 
- Some language teachers believe in memorizing dialogues. However, others think that memorization is not as good as engaging in natural conversations with native speakers. 
- House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be stagnating.
- England has the best language schools. On the other hand, it has the worst weather.
- Going out with Jim has its risks. By comparison, being with Tim is as easy as falling off a log.
- I don’t hate Jim. On the contrary, I’m rather fond of him.
- You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich. 
15. Các cách diễn đạt kết quả không mong đợi (to express unexpected results)
However	Nevertheless	Though	Despite
In spite of the fact that	Still	Nonetheless	Although
In spite of	Even so	yet	All the same	
Despite the fact that	 Even though	In any case
E.g. 
- This restaurant has the best kitchen in town. However, their staff are quite rude.
- I was in so much pain I didn’t want to get up in the morning. Nevertheless, I went to football practice as usual.
- I don’t think Sean has serious behavioural problems. Nonetheless, I’ll talk to him first thing in the morning.
- I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the floor. Yet, you keep doing it.
- I was thinking of going round Jim’s place. In any case, I haven’t been invited.
- Yes, he’s very good-looking. All the same, I don’t think you should go out with him.
16. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện (to express condition)
So long as	As long as	If 	
Only if	Provided (that)	Providing (that)
E.g. 
- So long as the standard condition is given, the chemical reaction will happen
- If the children spend too much time in front of computer screen, their eyes will be affected.
17. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện ngược lại (to express negative condition) 
Or else	Otherwise
 E.g.
	- Children should be take a good care of, or else/ otherwise they will be easily influenced by temptation.
18. Các cách diễn đạt ý thay thế, thay vì (to express an alternative)
Alternatively	Instead	Instead of 
E.g. 
- You can save this computer program on your hard drive. Alternatively, you can put it on a floppy disc.
- Instead of travelling to the place, children can read books to know about it
19. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin cụ thể hơn hoặc tiêu biểu, đặc trưng cho thông tin trước đó (to particularize)
In particular	Particularly	 (More) Specifically Especially
E.g.
- Children are easily affected by the media. Violent movies may be especially harmful to them. 
- Nearly a third of marriages end in divorce. In particular, it’s middle-aged couples that yearn for much more from life.
- Couples tend to argue about financial issues. More specifically, they argue when one of them is out of work.
20. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin rõ ràng hơn và chính xác hơn ( to correct)
Rather	To be (more) precise	To be (more) exact
E.g. 
- I thought it was a good idea to get a ferret. Rather, it had always been my dream to get one.
- You might want to change a few things. To be more precise, I think you should start again from scratch.
21. Các cách diễn đạt thời gian (to express time)
At first	after	next 	 before	at the same time
First 	Later	afterwards	 before that	 meanwhile
Second	after that	previously	 at that time	 while
Third	then	before	 finally	in the meanwhile
As	when	as soon as	 soon	 since
E.g. 
- It wasn’t a piece of cake to learn English. At first, I couldn’t pronounce all the words correctly.
- Then, I couldn’t spell all the words correctly.
- Afterwards, I had a hard time understanding the tenses.
- Later, I couldn’t memorize phrasal verbs and idioms.
- In the meantime, I was getting some help from my English teacher.
- Meanwhile, I was enjoying my skype lessons more and more.
B. MỘT SỐ CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT SỬ DỤNG TRONG VIẾT BÀI NGHỊ LUẬN VÀ BÀI BÁO CÁO, TƯỜNG THUẬT.
1. Các cách diễn đạt để giới thiệu câu chủ đề 
- It is often said/ asserted/ claimed that.
- It is universal/acknowledged that.
- It is a well-known fact that .
- For the great majority of people .
- A problem that is often debated nowadays is that of
- One of the most striking features/aspects of this problem/issue/topic/question ..
- A number of key issues arise from ..
- Firs of all, let us try to understand /consider ..
- By way of introduction 
- What we are mainly concerned with here is 
2. Các phát triển ý trong một đoạn văn
- This brings up to the question of whether..
- On the one hand On the other hand
- As for ..
- Incidentally, we must not forget.
- As far as  is concerned .
- Added to that 
3. Các cách diễn đạt quan điểm
- I think/don’t think that ..
- I think it is probable that ..
- I believe that .
- My own view of this is that 
- Personally speaking 
- It seems to me that.
- I feel strongly that ..
- In my opinion/view .
- From my point of view.
- For me ..
- As I see it ..
- A lot of people claim that .
- For me, the gist of the matter is that .
4. Các cách diễn đạt khả năng.
- It is highly probable that .
- There’s a strong chance that.
- It is reasonable to think that..
- It stands to reason that.
- It would appear/ it would seem that .
- It is within the bounds of possibility that ..
- There is reason to believe that ..
- There are grounds for believing/ for the belief that ..
5. Các cách diễn đạt sự so sánh
- In comparison with/ Compared with/ When compared with..
- By comparison .
- If you compare .
- Whereas/ Whilst.
- In contrast to .
- As opposed to/ Unlike .
- The former .. the latter..
- There is some resemblance/ similariiy between . and..
- It is greatly superior to .
- It is much inferior to
CÁC ĐỀ ĐẠI HỌC VÀ THPTQG NHỮNG NĂM TRƯỚC CÓ SỬ DỤNG PHẦN KIẾN THỨC TRONG CHUYÊN ĐỀ NÀY
Đề thi ĐH năm 2006
Câu 8: _______ the storm, the ship couldn't reach its destination on time. 
A. In case of 	B. In spite of 	C. Because of 	D. But for
Câu 59: Tom's very good at science when his brother is absolutely hopeless. 
 	 A B C D
Đề thi ĐH năm 2007
Câu 26: The building has a smoke detector ______ any fires can be detected immediately. 
A. so that 	B. if 	C. such as 	D. as if
Câu 29: Ensure there is at least a 3cm space ______ allow adequate ventilation. 
A. so that 	B. with a view to 	C. in view of 	D. so as to
Câu 38: I hadn’t realized she was English ______ she spoke. 
A. in case 	B. only after 	C. until 	D. when
Câu 47: ______, he felt so unhappy and lonely. 
A. Despite of his wealth B. Rich as he was C. Rich as was he D. Despite he was so rich
Câu 53: In my opinion, I think this book is more interesting than the other one. 
 A B C D
Đề thi ĐH năm 2008
Câu 8: The price of fruit has increased recently, ______ the price of vegetables has gone down. 
A. otherwise 	B. when 	C. whether 	D. whereas
Câu 11: The doctor decided to give her a thorough examination ______ he could identify the causes of her illness. 
A. unless 	B. after 	C. so that 	D. so as
ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2009
Question 23: Even though the extremely bad weather in the mountains, the climbers 
 A B 
decided not to cancel their climb. 
 C D
ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2010
Question 31: “You can go to the party tonight______ you are sober when you come home.” 
A. as long as 	B. as far as 	C. as well as 	D. as soon as
Question 69: Because they erected a barn, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field. 
A. They erected a barn, and as a result, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field. 
B. They erected a barn so that the cattle would get into the wheat field. 
C. They erected a barn in case the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field. 
D. In order not to keep the cattle away from the wheat field, they erected a barn.
ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2012
Question 21: You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary ______ misuse them. 
A. so that not to 	B. so as not to 	C. so that not 	D. so not to
Question 24: ______ smoking is a causative factor of many diseases, there is no ban on tobacco advertising.
A. In spite of
B. However
C. Although