Chuyên đề: Conditional sentences - Đỗ Thị Việt Hưng

PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC – ĐÀO TẠO YÊN LẠC
TRƯỜNG THCS YÊN LẠC
CHUYÊN ĐỀ: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
Họ và tên: Đỗ Thị Việt Hưng
Chức vụ: giáo viên
Đơn vị công tác: Trường THCS Yên Lạc
Đối tượng bồi dưỡng: học sinh giỏi lớp 8, 9
Số tiết bồi dưỡng: 12 tiết
Phần A: Lời giới thiệu:
Ngữ pháp luôn chiếm một vị trí quan trọng trong dạy và học ngoại ngữ nói chung và tiếng Anh nói riêng. Ngữ pháp thường được hiểu là một hệ thống qui tắc nhất định để biến các đơn vị ngôn ngữ thành các đơn vị giao tiếp. Qui tắc ngữ pháp quyết định thứ tự của các từ trong câu qua đó quyết định nội dung giao tiếp. Nói một cách khác, ngữ pháp mô tả câú trúc của một ngôn ngữ và cách thức các đơn vị từ vựng được kết hợp để tạo nên các câu. Ngữ pháp giúp người học phán đoán chính xác hơn những thông tin khi nghe. Dựa vào kiến thức ngữ pháp, người học có thể “lấp đầy” những chỗ trống không nghe được. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng do đặc điểm lược bỏ những từ không mang thông tin trong khi nói của người bản ngữ. Trong nhiều trường hợp, những hiểu biết về ngữ pháp có thể bù đắp cho việc không nắm được nghĩa của từ mới trong một số văn bản khi đọc. Vai trò của ngữ pháp đối với kỹ năng nói và viết là quá rõ ràng. Ngữ pháp là một phương tiện giúp người học có thể chủ động nói và viết bằng tiếng Anh thông qua việc áp dụng các qui tắc ngữ pháp phù hợp với tình huống giao tiếp để truyền tải thông tin.  Có thể nói việc nắm vững kiến thức ngữ pháp sẽ giúp người học tự tin khi sử dụng tiếng Anh, góp phần giúp nâng cao hiệu quả học tiếng Anh và thu được kết quả tốt ở các kì thi tiếng Anh. Điều này hoàn toàn đúng khi kiến thức ngữ pháp chiếm tỉ lệ không nhỏ trong các bài thi tiếng Anh. 
	Chuyên đề câu điều kiện là một mảng kiến thức quan trọng trong hệ thống ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh. Với mong muốn giúp các em học sinh trong đội tuyển Tiếng Anh nắm vững mảng kiến thức này, tôi mạnh dạn viết chuyên đề này để các bạn đồng nghiệp và các em học sinh có thể vận dụng giải bài tập cũng như đạt được những kết quả mong muốn trong các kì thi học sinh giỏi cấp Huyện và cấp Tỉnh.
Phần B : Nội dung
I. Lý thuyết: 
Conditional sentences (type Zero, 1, 2 and 3)
1. Zero conditional: 
1.1. Form:
If+S+ present simple, S+present simple 
Eg: If the customers come in, just smile and say “hello.
1.2. Use: This type of sentence is used to express the truth or something that is always true. 
2. Conditional sentences type 1:
2.1. Form:
Consist of 2 clauses: + If clause (Simple present) + Main clause (Simple future) 
Eg:If he eats a lot of meat, he will be fat.(=He will be fat if he eats a lot of meat.)
2.2. Use: This type of sentence implies that the action in the if clause is quite probable (co the xay ra).
Note: The meaning here is present or future.
2.3. Variation of the main clause:
+. If clause + main clause: may/ might (possbility)
	Example: If the fog gets thicker, the train may/ might arrive later than usual
+. If clause + main clause: can/ may (permission)
	Eg: If you finish your work, you may/can leave at once.
+. If clause + main clause: must/ should (advice, request, command).
	Eg: If she wants to lose weight, she must/ should eat less bread and sugar.
+. If clause + main clause: Bare infinitive (request, command)
	Eg: If you know the result, phone me at once.
3. Conditional sentences type 2:
3.1. Form:
+ If clause( Simple past)+ Main clause( would + V)
3.2. Use: 
+ It is used to express the supposition is contrary to the fact at present time.
	Eg: (Today is not Sunday.We won’t go to the beach.)
	=> If today were Sunday, we would go to the beach.
+ When we don’t expect the action in the if clauses to take place. 
	Eg: If a burglar came into my room at night I would scream
3.3. Variations of the main clause:
+ We can use “might/ could or should” instead of “would”
	Eg: If you tried again, you would succeed (certain result)
	=> If you tried again you might succeed (possible result)
 Eg: If pigs had wings, they could fly (ability).
4. Conditional sentences type 3:
4.1. Form:
+ If clauses( Past perfect)+ main clauses: (would have done) 
4.2. Use: It is used to imply that the supposition is contrary to the fact in the past time.
4.3. Variations of main clause: We can use “could or might” instead of “would”
	Eg: If we had found him earlier, we would have saved his life (certain result)
	=> If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life (ability).
5. Mixed conditional:  
If+ S+had+P2, S+would/could/should/might+bare-infinitive
Eg: -If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be slippery now
-If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a difficult situation now.
6. Inversion in conditional sentences:
6.1. Inversion in conditional sentence type 1:
Form : Should + S + V(inf), S + Will +V(inf)
Eg: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis. => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis
6.2. Inversion in conditional sentence type 2:
Form: Were + S + to + V(inf), S + Would + V
Eg: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book
6.3. Inversion in conditional sentences type 3:
Form: Had + S + P2, S + Would have + P2
Eg: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. =>  Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
7. Conditional expressions:
7.1. Even if = even though (thậm chí)
	Eg1: You must go tomorrow if you are ready.
	Eg2: You must go tomorrow even if / even though you aren’t ready.
7.2. Whetheror = if .or(cho dùhay không)
	Eg: You must go tomorrow whether/ you are ready or not. 
7.3. Unless(trừ phi, trừ khi,trừ trường hợp) = If .not.
	Eg: You’ll be late unless you start at once
	 => You’ll be late if you don’t start at once
7.4. But for (Negative expressions )( nếu không vì)
	Eg: If it hadn’t rained, we would have had a nice holiday.
	 = But for the rain, we would have ..
7.5. Otherwise = or else( nếu không thì sẽ)
	Eg: We must be back before midnight, otherwise/ or else we’ll be locked out.
	 = If we are not be back by midnight, we’ll be locked out.
7.6. Provided Miễn là ..
 (that)
 Providing / Với điều kiện là .
	Eg: I will agree to go provided( that) my expenses are paid
Eg: Providing (that) you have the money in your account, you may withdraw up to $100 a day.
7.7. If only(giá mà,giá như)
* If only + present tense (express hope)
	Eg: (We hope he will come in time.)
	 = If only he comes in time.
* If only + past/ past perfect (express regret)
 Eg:We are sorry (that) he smokes
 ≠ = If only he didn’t smokes
 Eg: We are sorry (that) he told lies.
 = If only you had not told lies.
7.8. If it hadn’t been for . = But for
	Eg: But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.
 = If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would ..
7.9. In case( phòng khi)
a. Future 
 + in case + present/ (should + V)
 Present
b. Past tense + in case + past tense.
	Eg1: I’ll make a cake in case someone drops in at the weekend
	Eg2: I always keep candles in the house in case there is a power cut
	Eg3: I kept candles in the house in case there was a power cut
II. Bài tập ứng dụng:
Exercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
If the earth suddenly (stop) . spinning we all (fly) . off it.
If you (smoke)  in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object) 
your parents ( not / be) . proud if they could see you now?
I’m broke, but I (have) .. plenty of money now if I (not / spend)  so much yesterday.
If we (work) all right, we (finish) in time; but we have no intention of doing it
If we (have) .. a submarine now, we (use) it to investigate the seabed
Were he ten years younger, he (take) .. part in the voyage around the world
Should you come late, they (not let)  you in
He might get rid of his cough if he (not smoke) so much
If someone (give) .you a boat what you (do)  ?
Water (freeze) . if the temperature falls below zero
I (warn) .. you if I had seen you last week
He always says hello if he (see)  you
What would you do if he (resign) .. tomorrow?
I wouldn’t have been so upset if Judy (write)  to me earlier
Shout if you (see) ..anything unusually
The engine starts if you (turn) ..this key
If he weren’t so bad-temperature, his wife (not leave) .him so soon after the marriage
What (you / say) .if I offered you a job?
The children always (get) .frightened if they watch horror films
If it (not be) _____________ for you, I would be late
I can’t help feeling sorry for the hungry children. If only there (be) __________ peace in the world
Were I to become president, my first act (be) __________ to help the poor
If he (listen) _____________ to his father’s advice, he would still be working here.
If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she (not / be) ____________ tired now.
I feel as if my head (be) ___________ on fire now, doctor.
He always talks as though he (address) ____________ at a public meeting.
It was our fault to keep you waiting so long. We (inform) ___________ you in advance.
Had I known her address, I (go) _____________ to visit her.
He looked frightened as if he (see) _____________ a ghost.
I wish I (see) ____________ her off at the airport yesterday.
Tom wishes he (have) _________ enough money to buy a new car now.
Mary wishes she (become) _________ an astronaut someday.
I wish I (have) __________ a day off to visit his parents. He hasn’t seen them for ages
He wishes he (not/buy) ______________ that old car.
 Exercise 2: Complete each of the following sentences so that it means the same as the sentence before it.
She doesn’t live in London because she doesn’t know anyone there
She’d .
I can’t live in the country because I can’t find a job there
I’d ..
I don’t have a spare ticket. I can’t take you to the concert
If I ...
The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they didn’t grow.
If the children ..
They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution
If they .
He sits around too much. He isn’t fit.
If he 
Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying..
If Carol 
Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.
If Rita 
She’s very thin; perhaps that’s why she feels cold so much.
If she .
He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart
If he ..
He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car
If he ..
My house is guarded by two big dogs. That’s the only reason it isn’t broken into every night
If my house 
The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.
If the flats ....
I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you
If I .
She works in the evening. She has no time to play with her children
If she .
I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what happened.
They ..
I am not tall enough to join the basketball team
If I 
He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car
If he .
Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well
If Peter 
Mary doesn’t have enough money. She can’t buy a new car.
If Mary 
Go right now or you’ll be late for the train.
If you.
He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough qualifications.
If he .
Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam.
If we 
They do not understand you because you do not often talk to them.
If you 
Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you.
If you 
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence. 
1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.
 A. hadn't	B. hadn't been	C. wouldn't be	D. wasn't
2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.
 A. wouldn't have been 	B. would have been 	
 C. wouldn’t be	D. would be
3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.
 A. were asked	B. would ask	
 C. had been asked	D. asked
4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.
 A. she has done	B. she had done	
 C. she does	D. she did
5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
 A. stole	B. have stolen	C. were to steal	D. steal
6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to her.
 A. would have been / hadn't lied	B. would be / didn't lie
 C. will be / don't lie	D. would be / hadn't lied
7. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
 A. would invest	 B. invested	C. had invested	D. invests
8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.
 A. wouldn’t advise	B. won't advise	
 C. hadn't advised	D. didn't advise
9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.
 A. could have climbed 	B. climb	
 C. is climbing	D. climbed
10. If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.
 A. climbed	B. could climb	C. is climbing	D. climb
11. If I _____ her phone number, I _____ her last night
 A. had known / could have phoned 	B. knew / would have phoned
 C. know / can phone	 D. knew / could phone
12. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.
 A. tells	B. told	 C. had told	D. would tell
13. If you press that button what _____?
 A. would happen	B. would have happened	
 C. will happen	D. happen
14. She says if she _____ that the traffic lights were red she _____.
 A. had realized / would stop	B. realized / could have stopped
 C. has realized / stopped	D. had realized / would have stopped
15. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I might get fat.
 A. stop	B. had stopped	C. will stop	D. stopped
16. If I _____ that yesterday, I _____ them.
 A. had discovered / would inform 	
 B. had discovered / would have informed
 C. had discovered / could inform	 	
 D. discovered / can inform
17. If you _______ to the course regularly, they ________ a certificate last year.
 A. go / gave	B. go / give	
 C. had gone / would have given	D. went / would give
18. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.
 A. was / answered	B. were / would answer
 C. were / would have answered D.had been / would have answered
19. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
 A. were	B. had been	C. have been	D. would be
20. If Columbus _______ money from Queen Isabella, he _______ across the Atlantic. 
 A. do not receive / could not sail	
 B. had not received / might not have sailed
 C. did not receive / might not have sailed 	
 D. would not receive / might not sail
21. If you didn't wear shabby clothes, you _______ more good-looking.
 A. will be	B. would be	C. would have beenD. can be
22. If your hair _______	grey now, what ______ you ________?
 A. went / would / do	B. goes / would /do
 C. had gone / would/do	D. had gone / would have / done
23. If you ______ be someone, who______ you ______?
 A. could / would / have been B. could / would / be	
 C. can / will / be	D. are able to / will / be
24. If I ________ an Angel, I would try to make happy all the children.
 A. am	B. have been	C. were	D. had been
25. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
 A. would invest	B. invested	C. had invested	 D. invests
26. It ________ if nobody had reminded them.
 A. would have be forgot 	B. would have been forgot 
 C. would have forget 	D. would have been forget
27. The car ________ if somebody takes it there.
 A. will be repaired 	B. would be repaired 	
 C. will been repaired	D. is repair 
28. You ______ to prison if you did that.
 A. would be send 	B. would have been sent 	
 C. would be sent 	D. were sent
29. You would study Italian if it _____ here.
 A. was teaching 	B. were taught 	
 C. would be taught 	D. is taught
30. It _______ if nobody reminded them
 A. was forgotten 	B. would be forget 	
 C. would be forgot 	D. would forgot
31. The magazine _____ by more people if it had better articles.
 A. would be reading 	B. would read 	
 C. would be read 	D. been read
32. The joke would not be funny if it _________ into French.
 A. were translated 	B. is translated 	
 C. was be translated 	D. translated
33. A doctor _________ if somebody falls ill.
 A. will be cold for 	B. will be called for 	
 C. will call for 	 	D. would be call for
34. Would she go if she _____?
 A. were invited 	B. was be invited 	
 C. have been invited 	D. be invited
35. He _____ the death penalty if he were found guilty.
 A. would be given 	B. would be gave 	
 C. would given 	D. were given
36. Who would have won the World War II if the nuclear bomb _____ by the Nazus first.
 A. had be produced 	B. had produced 	
 C. had been produced 	D. would be produced
37. The room ______ if it is not empty.
 A. couldn’t be repainted 	B. cannot be repainted 
 C. could be repainted 	D. can be repainted
38. He _____ the death penalty if he had been found guilty.
 A. would has given 	B. would has been given 
 C. would have given 	D. would have been given
39. The cars _____ if we had not done such a huge advertising campaign.
 A.  would not have been bought 	B. would not have be bought 
 C. would have been bought 	D. would not had been bought
40. If I were a better conversationalist , _____ to parties more often?
 A. I would be invited 	B. I would have been invited 
 C. would I be invited 	D. would I have been invited
41.Kevin never seems to get tired. I wish I _____ his energy
 A. can have	B. have had	C. had	D. would have
42. If I ____ him yesterday, I would have to come back tomorrow
 A. didn’t meet	B. have met	C. met	D. hadn’t met
43. If she ____ the truth, I think she’d never want to see you again
 A. would know	B. knows	C. will know	D. knew
44. I would never have believed ____ it with my own eyes
 A. if I didn’t see	B. if I hadn’t seen
 C. if I haven’t seen	D. if I wouldn’t have seen
45. I wish I had remembered your number. Otherwise, I ____ you
 A. phoned	B. would phone	
 C. would have phoned	D. will have phone	
46. Such typing mistakes _____ avoided if you had been more careful
 A. can have been	C. would be	
 C. might have been	D. should be
47. Carol was late for work this morning. But for the traffic jam, she ____ half an hour earlier
 A. could come	B. could have come	
 C. had come	D. can have come
48. Don’t worry ____ home late tonight
 A. when I’ll be	B. if I’ll be	C. unless I’ll be	 D. if I’m
49. I ____ one of my special desserts for dinner, if you like
 A. make	B. will make	C. am going to makeD. am making
50. When you ____ Bob, tell him he still owes me some money
 A. see	B. are going to see	C. will see	D. are seeing
51. I wish I ____ him, but I don’t
 A. like	B. can like	C. liked	D. would like
52. She feels lonely because she doesn’t know many people there. She wishes she ____ more people
 A. will know	B. knew	C. knows	D. has known
53. If I ____ the flu, I would have joined you for the trip
 A. hadn’t had	B. haven’t had	C. didn’t haveD. had has
54. “I’m not staying any longer.” “I wish you ____.”
 A. can 	B. will	C. are	D. were
55. But for the hold-up, we ____ here in time
 A. would have been	B. could be	
 C. had been	 	D. must have been	
56. I miss my old motorbike, I wish I ____ it. I had it for years
 A. I didn’t sell	B. hadn’t sold	C. had sold	D. haven’t sold
57. Jill regrets having bought that second-hand laptop. She wishes she __
 A. didn’t buy it	B. hasn’t bought it
 C. wouldn’t have bought it	D. hadn’t bought it
58. I’m sorry I missed seeing my old friend at your party. I wish I ____
 A. had been there	B. was there	
 C. could have been there	D. should have been there
59. I lost your phone number. Otherwise, I ____ you much earlier
 A. will contact	B. would have contacted
 C. would contact	D. had contacted
60. “I’m sorry you failed the test.” “Frankly, I wish I ____ harder.”
 A. could study	B. ha